The Gold Rush and Its Impact On California - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2129 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/08/16 Category History Essay Level High school Topics: Gold Rush Essay Did you like this example? Gold! Gold! Gold from the American River, was the famous announcement that a man by the name of Sam Brannan yelled up and down the streets of San Francisco while holding a vial of proof of its existence (Cherny, Lemke-Santangelo Griswold del Castillo, 2014). Gold had been found previously in California, but it wasnt until after Sam Brannans announcement did the rush for gold start to spark the possibility of being able to attain personal gain from these findings. As the news of a bountiful of gold drifting down Californias rivers spread across nations, it brought great changes to California. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Gold Rush and Its Impact On California" essay for you Create order The Gold Rush started a movement to California, increasing population, expanding diversity, changing the economy and environmentally changed Californias landscape.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Gold was first discovered in California in 1842 by a Mexican man by the name of Francisco Lopez. Francisco Lopez was checking out a herd of cattle and hunting with two other men in the San Francisquito Canyon. When the men took a break near the river to have something to eat, Francisco Lopez decided to take a nap under a tree. As the story has been passed down through the years, it is told that as Francisco Lopez napped, he dreamt of drifting freely across a river made of pure liquefied gold. Once Francisco Lopez awoke from his fantasy of gold, he started to dig at some wild onions he had found close by. As he dug, he spotted a fragment of gold glistening in the light. Francisco Lopez couldnt believe his dream had become a reality. He truly had found gold (The First Gold Rush, 1994). With Francisco Lopezs discovery, hundreds of fortune seekers traveled to what is now known as the San Francisquito Canyon to try their luck in mining their own gold. Francisc o Lopezs discovery did not yet start what is now known as the Gold Rush, but it was the beginning of what was to come. Within a year, one-hundred and twenty-five pounds of gold was taken from the San Fransciquito Canyon area. The Oak of the Golden Dream, is the same tree that still stands till this day where Francisco Lopez took his most famous nap and dreamt of gold (Sabbatini, 1994).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Years later gold was discovered at a different location in Northern California on January 24, 1848.   James Wilson Marshall was working for John Sutter in Coloma along with fifty other men from the Mormon Battalion, including a group of Indian workers. The men were in the process of building a ditch near the American River to bring water to Sutters Mill when James W. Marshall from his own words explains my eye was caught with the glimpse of something shining in the ditch as he discovered the flakes of gold (Marshall, 1848). After four days of collecting as much of the golden flakes as he could, he took them to Sutters Fort to show John Sutter.   Before Marshall and Sutter could officially conclude that Marshall had indeed found gold, they researched and tested the golden flakes in order to confirm their assumptions (Cherny, Lemke-Santangelo Griswold del Castillo, 2014). Once the 23 carats of gold past all the tests and examinations, they decided to k eep the discovery under wraps. John Sutter wanted to ensure that his business of constructing and farming did not fall threw. Sutter had also been trying to attain the land in the valley from the Yalesummi Tribe. The primary document shows that Sutter and Marshall created the lease for the land on January 1, 1848, before the gold was discovered but was not yet signed. Once Marshall had discovered the gold, Sutter was more persistent in owning the land before people found out about the precious golden metal that can be acquired from this area of land. Two chiefs and two alcaldes from the Yalesummi tribe eventually signed the document on February 4, 1848 (California State Library). Sutter then sent Charles Bennet with the signed document to Colonel R. B. Mason who at the time was the military Governor of California. During his traveling, Bennet started to leak the discovery of gold. In the end unfortunately for Sutter, Governor Mason denied his request because at the time Indians did not hold the rights to sell or lease any lands (California State Library). The construction of Sutters Mill never finished.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Eventually, word had spread to a clever man by the name of Sam Brannan. Brannan owned a store near Sutters Fort and had heard that workers from the area had been purchasing supplies with flakes of gold. Brannan then purchased a vial of gold from the workers and devised a plan. Brannan stocked up on all the necessities needed to mine for gold and set off to San Francisco where he would then make his grand announcement of gold being found from the American River (PBS). Even though Brannan held proof in his hands, the spread from word of mouth to those who had not seen Brannans vial of gold with their own eyes remained skeptical, but by June the spark of Brannans announcement had caught fire (Cherny, Lemke-Santangelo Griswold del Castillo, 2014). The rush for gold began and California would then be forever changed. Sam Brannans plan eventually worked and as people headed for the river to mine for gold, he had all the supplies to equip them and sold everythi ng way above the price he had bought them for himself. Sam Brannan did not become wealthy from gold itself, but from the demand of supplies needed to go out and mine for the gold from others.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As the news of gold spread, people started to make their way westward to California by sea and across land. A great migration occurred within the United States and outside from South America, Australia, Europe and China, bringing diversity to California (California Department of Parks Recreation). Before the Gold Rush there was an estimate total of around 13,000 non-Native American people residing in Alta California (Schmidt, McNully, Hummelt Twilla, 2010). With the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo on February 2, 1848 which ended the Mexican-American War, 7,000 of the 13,000 people in Alta California were mostly Hispanic. The remaining 6,000 were a mixture of different nationalities. The greatest year of migration began in 1849. Those who migrated during this year to California became known as the forty-niners. San Franciscos population alone in 1849 grew from eight-hundred and twelve people to twenty-thousand (Smithsonian American Art Museum, n.d.). A group of people from the eastern United States known as the Argonauts were made up of Scottish, French, Irish, German and British descent. The Argonauts traveled the many different dangerous routes to California by foot, boats, wagons, and horseback. Those who chose to travel overland were headed for a long journey of about five to eight months long through dangerous terrain and susceptible illnesses. Many routes that were traveled on by land were previously paved routes from previous travelers such as, the Santa Fe Trail, California Trail, Mormon Trail and the Oregon Trail (CA Department of Parks Recreation). Routes that were traveled by sea were a lot faster and took between two to three months. One route was by taking a ship that went from New York to Panama. From Panama travelers had to take a smaller ship up the Chagres River. Then they had to travel back on land by mule to over mountains to reach the Pacific port of Panama which they then would load onto another shi p that headed straight to San Francisco. This route included the Panama Isthmus. Another route traveled by sea was done by going around Cape Horn which is the tip of South America (Cherny, Lemke-Santangelo Griswold del Castillo, 2014). Within two years the population in California rapidly grew past one-hundred thousand, with Anglo-Americans now the majority (Schmidt, McNully, Hummelt Twilla, 2010). Even though Anglo-Americans were now the majority, the great migration to California for its gold brought many different nationalities to California from China, Germany, France, Australia, Peru, Chile, Mexico, British Isles and the already mixed nationalities from eastern United States (Cherny, Lemke-Santangelo Griswold del Castillo, 2014). The Gold Rush expanded Californias diversity which still continues to exist till this day.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Since the end of the Mexican-American War, California lacked a civil government. As the population and diversity grew in California from the Gold Rush, there was a need to accomplish a government that could handle problems that began to arise.   Californians desired to become a part of a statehood in order to resolve civil issues. After a great deliberation in the US. Congress over slavery, California entered the Union as a free state by the Compromise of 1850. California officially became the thirty-first state of the United States on September 9, 1850 in part due to the Gold Rush that brought a rise in population, diversity and even economy (CA Department of Parks Recreation).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many people held the hopes that they would make it safely to California, easily find gold and become rich fast. This ended up not being the case for many. Traveling to get to California was expensive in itself. The cheapest way to get to California was by land which cost between one-hundred to two-hundred dollars. During this time with low wages, this was considered an expensive amount (Cherny, Lemke-Santangelo Griswold del Castillo, 2014). For the people that had to travel from afar, by the time they arrived most of the land had already been torn apart and searched. By 1850, most of the gold had already been mined leaving hardly anything to find. The labor to find gold was not easy and it took a lot of work that was very stressful, and time consuming. More money was generally spent on traveling to California, buying supplies, and paying for services than actually making any in return from finding gold. Those who made a great profit during the Gold Rush and dramatically gained economically were those who provided services in either selling supplies, washing clothes, ironing and cooking which were mostly done by women (Smithsonian American Art Museum). When gold mining first began around 1848, a miner could find about twenty dollars worth of gold per day but within five years this dropped dramatically to two dollars per day, if you were lucky (Cherny, Lemke-Santangelo Griswold del Castillo, 2014). Many of this was in part due to Californias changing environment and landscape from destructive mining.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As the findings of gold dwindled down, new methods arose to help decrease the odds of finding gold. Since mostly every rock and pebble in the rivers had already been overturned, miners decided to look up towards the high of the mountains to search for gold. One destructive method that was used is called hydraulic mining. The process of hydraulic mining was to first divert water from rivers and streams. This diverted water was then collected and used under pressure to blast the sides of the mountain (Cherny, Lemke-Santangelo Griswold del Castillo, 2014). This strong water pressure had the ability to bring down trees and boulders to expose the entire side of a mountains bedrock. As the sand and gravel came down from the mountain they were then run through sluices in order to separate the gold out. Hydraulic mining led to clogging the rivers with sediment (Thornton, 2011). Another destructive method of mining that created problems was as the rivers were dug up, silt was produced. Mercury was then used to separate the gold out and the silt and mercury would flow downstream through the rivers and contaminate the water. Another problem that occurred was that mining shafts were built underground in the Sierra Nevada Mountains (Thornton, 2011). Lastly, a major change in Californias environment was that the natural element of gold that started the Gold Rush in the first place was starting to diminish itself from overmining.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Around 1855, after seven years of overmining, the Gold Rush era ended. With lack of luck in finding gold many people started to look elsewhere in trying to claim a fortune. Within this short amount of time, California changed dramatically. The population in California grew from around 2,000 non-Native Americans living in California before the Gold Rush to about 250,000 people that had made their way to California by 1855. With the migration coming from all over the world it brought diversity to California that still remains today. With the rapid increase in population, California then decides to become the 31st state to join the Union as a free state. Californias economy strived for those who banked off services and supplies for miners while miners themselves struggled in finding gold to bring in money. In the end, California was left dug up with the landscape destroyed in areas where mining was strongly active. The Gold Rush impacted California positivel y and negatively, and the effects of the Gold Rush remain present till this day with California being a diverse populous state of riches.

The State Of Israel - 2396 Words

Within the context of human history there have been many unfortunate events. Whether it is controllable by man, or nature. The world can be a formidable foe, especially In case of the former. Man against man, the eternal struggle. Since ages long forgotten to the folds of time, man has waged war against himself. Likewise can be said regarding the conditions in which present day Palestinians find themselves in. A world not of their making, yet the are forced to live within the conditions others have created for them. For decades, they have been a people without a nation to call home. A people that are constantly met with apathy and malcontent, a people that have been removed from what they call home. Since the creation of the state of Israel, Palestinians have found themselves at a significant loss. They have been displaced, to say the least. With the lack of enthusiasm for Palestinians within the Israeli state, and with much of the former territory they occupied now sanctioned as Isr aeli land, significant groups of culturally similar people are without a home. This is in part due to expansion by the Israeli forces, and the expulsion of Palestinian people in the process. Yet, with many suspected allies, such as the neighboring Arab states of Syria, Egypt and Jordan. Surely refugees would have somewhere to turn? The painstaking truth is that these refugees often do not receive the proper treatment required by the nations housing them. Infact, in many cases they are treated asShow MoreRelatedThe State Of Israel And Israel Essay1958 Words   |  8 PagesThe State of Israel is located in the Middle East, bordering the east Mediterranean Sea. 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Occupation †Nursing Free Essays

Nursing is a profession that became really popular for past few years. There are many reasons why people are joining nursing program and why they want to become a nurse. For me it’s a family thing. We will write a custom essay sample on Occupation – Nursing or any similar topic only for you Order Now My grandma and my mother both were nurses, but I also find it interesting myself. I choose this occupation because it ensures good salary, loads of benefits, such as health and life insurance, it’s challenging and it is a job that I’m sure I will derive a great satisfaction. According to U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics to become a nurse I’ll have to take anatomy, physiology, microbiology, chemistry, nutrition, psychology and other social science courses. I’ll also need clinical experience. There’re three education path that I can choose: a bachelor’s degree in nursing, an associate’s degree in nursing, or a diploma from an approved nursing program. I choose to get my diploma first, and then after finding a job, continue my education, and try to get a bachelor degree, to have a better job prospects. Employment of registered nurses from 2010 to 2020 will grow up to 26 percent, which is much faster than any other occupation. Opportunity to find a job in this profession is excellent. As a nurse I can find a job in a medical and surgical hospitals, offices of physicians, home health care services, nursing care facilities. Also I can work with the military, in correctional facilities, or educational services. When it comes to work environment, register nurses spend a lot of time standing, walking, bending a lifting, so back stress is a very common disease. Because nurses are surrounded by patients who have infectious diseases they have to follow strict rules to protect they health. Schedule in a hospital is very flexible, there’re a large variety of shift, so there are a lot of choices to find a schedule that will fit me the best. Also there are many promotion opportunities for nurses. Register nurses begin they work as staff nurses in hospital, but after they build some experience and prove that they can perform well in this job, they can be promoted to more responsible positions. They can become head nurses, they can work in administration, or as university faculty. They can also specialize in one nursing career. For example be a clinical nurse specialist, with average salary $90,000 a year. The salary for me is a big part of a job, it helps me to enjoy it, and gives me motivation to work harder. When you’re paid well you perform good at work. According to U. S. Department of Labor standard salary for a register nurse ranges from $45,040 to $94,720 per year, which gives us hourly wage from $21. 65 to $45. 54. Salary is determined by several factors such as setting, education and work experience. I think for that kind of job this salary is competitive. I also found out that if I need any extra money I can work overtime and holidays which are paid extra. For me it is very important to know that I can afford things I want, and don’t have to worry that I won’t have enough money till next month. Also good salary is a big part of the job satisfaction, when I’m getting paid well I feel like my work is appreciated. Even though being a nurse for me is much more than a paycheck, providing my family will always be on the first place. The benefits coming from being a nurse are also a big part of why I choose this profession. Because nursing is part of a healthcare business, I can get a very good health insurance for me and my family, as well as dental and vision insurance. It is very important for me, because it protects me financially. I don’t have to worry about any extra expenses, having it gives me peace of mine, and protect me from unexpected medical bills. Nursing is a challenging job, and for me that is another benefit. I always wanted my career to be exciting. In this job you can’t get bored, it’s not a repetitive job, as a nurse I will never know what’s going to happen the next day. I know that this job will keep me constantly excited and give me an opportunity to learn each day. The most important thing why I choose this profession was job satisfaction. For me being a nurse is something to be proud of, it’s a job that I know will be very fulfilling for me. According to U. S Bureau of Labor Statistics â€Å"Register nurses provide and coordinate patient care, educate public and the publicity about various health conditions, and provide advice and emotional support to patients and their family members† I know I will be able to make a direct impact on other people’s lives, I want to feel that my job is making some difference. Also working to help and serve other people will give me this satisfaction. For me nursing is not only taking care of patients and giving them medications, it is way more than that. After spending a lot of time with patients, nurses become part of their family, for me building that kind of relationship with them it’s what makes this job so important. As a nurse I know that I will be able to provide human element for patients in a hospitals, so they don’t feel left alone, I will have to explain what the doctor is saying so people won’t get confused, or scared by medical terms. Intensive contact with people and unpredictability are things that will make this work very satisfying for me. I know that I will be able to bring some meaningful contribution to people that I will take care of lives. Patients can see how much work and effort nurse put in her work, and they appreciate it. Seeing that people value and respect my work will be the most rewarding thing, and will well worth everything else. I wanted to become a nurse for a long time, I’ve had an interest in a medical fields since high school. The money, benefits and job security are an important part of this occupation, but the most important thing for think the most important thing is my desire to help people. It’ll be very rewarding to see that even a little thing that I’ve have done, will have some kind of positive effect on my patients lives. Nursing is occupation that perfectly fits me. It’s a challenging career in which I can learn new things every day and never get bored. It’s much more than just a job, it’ll give me an opportunity to change and save others life. It’s a rewarding career, I look forward to be a part of. How to cite Occupation – Nursing, Papers

Minorities and Policing Essay Example For Students

Minorities and Policing Essay Minorities and Policing1Minorities and Policing:Unfairly TreatedDorothy J. FellsCriminal Justice 131C. ThompsonDecember 6, 2001Minorities and Policing2Minorities and Policing:Unfairly TreatedIf we look at the past, we can see that there is no warm tradition of community cooperation between the African-American community and law enforcement. Minorities and Policing is an important topic because it deals with issues pertaining to how minorities are treated by the police. Racial profiling and social injustice are important areas when dealing with unfair treatment of minorities. 1.How minorities feel about police2.Employing minorities3.Unfair treatment of minorities within the legal systemThis review of the information on minorities and policing focuses on these three issues. How Minorities Feel About Police According to Dr. Carl S. Taylor, the relationship between minority groups and police in the United States has historically been strained. Some cities have a deep and bitter history of bias and prejudice interwoven in their past relationships. The feeling in many communities today is that the system pits law enforcement as an occupying army versus the neighborhood. Dr. Taylor wrote about easing tensions between police and minorities, but stated If there is any good news in the current situation, it is that the history of this strain has found the 1990s ripe for change. There is considerable evidence that minorities and police are not in agreement on many issues, and the blame is being shifted from all parties involved. The police feel that they are fair in their treatment of minorities, but the evidence in many instance prove otherwise. When we view articles on the arrests of minorities versus whites, you will notice a variation in how various nationalities are treated. When reading the newspaper, you will see the photograph of a minority with previous criminal history and other issues outlined. This to me is done to paint a picture that shows the accused is already known for violating the law. Employing MinoritiesRacial polarization in our major cities has often cast the police as the oppressors, and some cities have an unfortunate tradition of hiring outsiders and few minorities, which has fueled further resentment toward the police. Historically, relationships between minorities and police have not been the best, and many minorities view police as the oppressor.

The Impact of the Great Depression on Canada

The great depression was an economic and financial slump that occurred globally between the fiscal 1920s and 1939. The depression severely affected many countries and crippled world economies. Canada was not spared either. This country had its own share of mystery as a result of its affiliation with global and international trade.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Impact of the Great Depression on Canada specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The affiliations saw Canada being dragged into the tenets that appeared with the depression and the economy suffered a major setback with various government interventions proving futile in alleviating the problem. The depression took some time to abate despite its far reaching effects on Canadian residents and its economy as well. International trade that Canada depended on was shuttered while foreign financial markets were hit by a slump similar to that which crippled the U.S. economy. All through that period, the Canadian government battled the effects of the depression that threatened to derail the lives of Canadians. The head of the Canadian government was by then King Mackenzie, who did nothing to abate the prevailing economic conditions[1]. As a result, he was forced out of the prime minister seat and gave way to a more practical and result oriented Prime Minister, Richard Bennett. With the new prime minister, Canadian government embarked on several measures and adopted policies to ensure that the effects of the depression did not adversely affect the entire Canadian population. Some of the measures that Bennett put in place included camps to support the old and sick as well as the distribution of aid to the unemployed and disadvantaged in the country. Although, charity organization existed even before the depression, they operated on low scale and were therefore caught unaware by the level of humanitarian aid that the depression effects nee ded. In fact, they could not cope with the magnitude of the crisis. Besides, during the period of the great depression, the government prioritized charity to families and somehow neglected the unemployed and single individuals throughout the country. The mobility of unemployed people in search of charity made the Canadian towns and city dwelling rules to keep out the unemployed from other cities or towns. The government spent heavily on relief and charity work, lowered tax rates and offered subsidies to help spur economic growth. The causes of the great depression in Canada It is estimated that the depression had been long in coming and several warning signs had been present. Prior to the depression, Canada’s population had become a mass consumer society. Industries were venturing into the production of consumer durables and labor-saving equipment that were guzzled up by anxious consumers.Advertising Looking for research paper on canada? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The onset of the advertising industry worsened the situation as it encouraged mass consumption. The upcoming and developing transport networks linked producers to consumers and offered easy access to consumer goods. It also linked industries to the consumers. Moreover, Britain was replaced by the U.S. as the primary source of investment and became the basic foreign-exchange souk for the Canadian Republic. As the U.S. economy continued to do well and the Wall Street posted huge profits in the stock markets, Canada was poised to be one of the leading economies of the world. However, the extra-reliance on industries in Canada proved disastrous during the depression as governments efforts backfired and created far worse problems[2]. The association of Canada with U.S. later on proved problematic in the build up for the crisis. Prior to the depression, the stock market was characterized by excessive and speculative buying of stocks. Ther e were increased cases of buying in credit. This buying mania had earlier caused a global recession in the early 1920s although it was easily quelled. The recession forced small banks and financial institutions to collapse. Therefore, the stock market crash in October 29, 1929 was not unprecedented, but had been looming. The economic boom created a volatile economic situation that could not last. In Canada alone, industries produced surplus of goods in anticipation of generating huge profits. When the stock prices in the Wall Street slumped, over-priced shares in addition to massive trading in the shares led to unexpected plummeting of the prices. The results affected the Canadian foreign investments due to its connection with the U.S. Countries and people lost fortunes whereas global world economies especially Canada felt the full blow posed by the slump[3]. Another major cause of the great depression in Canada was the lack of economic diversification. The Canadian economy heavily relied on two major economic activities to spur its economic growth namely agriculture and industries. Agriculture entailed the production of export wheat by the prairies farmers. Periods prior to the great depression, the economic boom that the world experienced provided huge returns to the Canadian wheat farmers. Conversely, industries relied on the wheat proceeds to market their own goods. When the wheat prices were high, the industries indulged in over-production of luxurious goods and consumer deliverables.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Impact of the Great Depression on Canada specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The slump that followed shuttered the boom in the wheat price and consequently declined the foreign export of wheat. When wheat prices went down at an unprecedented rate, Canadian farmers lost most of their farms to the lending institutions that also went bankrupt. Wheat farmers became d esperate and were soon forced out of their farms. The industries that relied on these farmers shortly closed due to poor sales and excessive production. Jobs were lost in industries as well as in the agricultural sector and the unemployment rate became the highest for the first time in the Canadian history. Industries closed due to surplus production and lack of consumers, while greedy banks mortgaged their premises to recover their capital[4]. After WWI, industries in Canada opted to seriously indulge in production. They were in dire need of capital. The industries could only access capital by going into debts with banks, lending institutions and trading in bonds and stocks. The resulting effect was high levels of shares and bonds in the market. The traders took the bait and in expectation of the prices rising, raised the prices to unrealistic levels that did not warrant such industries. As traders run out of credit and industries promoted high consumption of unimportant and luxuri ous goods, credit buying was introduced. This tendency created a deficit in shares as traders moved into the profitable stock market, driving the share prices even higher. With the fall of the U.S. stock market, the Canadian investors felt the pressure and its share market plummeted to vey low levels. The high dependency on the economy of the U.S. is also one of the leading causes of the great depression in Canada. Canadian economy prior to the depression relied heavily on export to the U.S. for the growth of its economy. It was also a government option that introducing high tariffs in the export industry could protect the local industries and stabilize the employment sector. Failure by the government to deviate its economic activities meant that whether the tariffs were high or not, the whole employment sector depended on international trade. The onset of the great depression in America meant that Canadian economy was too going down. When trade declined sharply, the unemployment ra tes in Canada rose. As most of the industries depended on export trade to finance and pay off their workers, a decline in international trade that reached a maximum of 50% in 1933, meant that industries had to lay off workers and others were forced to close down. The high tariffs had created a volatile job market and Canada was to face the music[5].Advertising Looking for research paper on canada? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In summary, the global recession in early 1920s set the stage for the onset of the great economic depression. It acted as an early warning of the consequences to follow due to the volatile economic and financial systems in place. The great boom was also a center stage that could have been acted on to prevent the depression. The great crash of the New York stock market in October 29, 1929, ushered in the real recession and paved way for the global fall in financial and economic systems. The drastic fall in the stock prices that followed in the Wall Street and the global pegging and dependence on the U.S. stock market meant that international trade would face a similar fate. After the crash in the stock market, the United States invoked Canadian export tariffs, leaving its goods locked out of the US market. The collapse of the economy ensued[6]. Farmers suffered from crop failures and severe droughts. There were escalating levels of unemployment, considerable drop in commodity prices and weakening of the purchasing power. The impact of the Great Depression on Canada The resultant effects from the crash in prices in the U.S. stock market heavily affected Canada. Financial and economic adverse effects were experienced all over the world with Canada bearing the high effects due to its association with the U.S. The great depression continued well into the World War II, where the effects abated but never disappeared completely. The historical effect The great depression affected the Canadian population to varying degrees. The worst hit areas happened to be the agricultural and industrial areas. In the prairies provinces where farmers relied on wheat exportation to survive, the effects were severe. The Great Depression in the prairies was coupled up with severe natural and climatical conditions that further added to the farmers’ mysteries. Long spells of drought, grasshopper plagues and inadequate rainfall coupled up with loss of lands due to mortgage loans too , dealt a fatal blow to the prairies dwellers[7]. As industries lost their main markets in the U.S., high unemployment rates set in. It was estimated that by the year 1931, Canada gross unemployment rate rose to 30%[8]. The poor policies of raising tariffs by Bennett aimed at protecting the indigenous industries and employment made Canada to further plummet to disastrous conditions. Policies like high tariffs, subsidies and low government spending only served to worsen the conditions of the Canadians. Banks underground and various industries closed due to lack of markets for their goods. Canadians were transformed to beggars and the government cut down the tax rates to enable people affords basic needs. The government set up institutions to help the poor, needy, the sick and the impoverished. The effect of the Great depression on the Canadian provinces Canada relied heavily on international trade to propel its economic forward. Through international trade, Canada exported its indust rial and agricultural goods mainly to US that generated 33% of the total Gross Domestic Product on the national scale. This stated an overreliance on international trade and a dangerous trade that thrive on forged relationship with the US. After the US experienced the trade hunch, it invoked tariffs that existed with the Canadian government to protect its domestic market. The invocation meant that the Canadian industries lost their market and revenue. Additional, domestic market fetched low price for industrial goods that could not sustain the economy. In the Saskatchewan provinces that relied on wheat export, the effect was adverse. The region was not only affected by the economic slump but nature provided a nasty scenario. Grasshopper plagues, droughts and long spells of reduced rainfall rendered the prairies useless. The farmers were faced with unpaid mortgages and banks closed in on their lands forcing them out. Provincial income in Saskatchewan plummeted down by 90% and people were forced out to seek relief. Other provinces that relied on industrial production were also hard hit. The only remnants of the industrial provinces were Quebec and Ontario that relied on domestic industrial production[9]. Other economic areas that were spared partly by the depression were fish, fruits and lumber markets but they somehow went low during the Great Depression periods[10]. Among the Canadians, the depression was felt differently. Poor living standards characterized the unemployed while living standards for the employed and property owners went up plummeting merchandise costs[11]. Effects on individuals, population and industry As the great depression raged on, the rate of unemployment went higher to unprecedented levels. As industries lost their key market in the slump and consequently their revenues, they laid off a high number of workers. Consequently, there was no hope that the existing industrial workers could continue as industries halted their production due to low prices that could not even meet production costs. The failure of the stock market and the continuing bite and worsening of the economic crunch provided no hope of industrial reawakening. Unemployment rates were high and families lost their sources of income[12]. A lot of Canadians turned beggars as they relied on the government for relief food and charity organizations to make ends meet. Furthermore, the immigration rates to Canada that offered cheap labor to the industries were cut off. This was essential to enable the government comprehend with the situation at hand. Immigrants were not allowed government relief and tax cut offs. The number of immigrants that Canada allowed into the country was drastically reduced and deportations of immigrants increased. The situation was to remain this way until the depression abated[13]. In this period also, Canada experienced the lowest population growth rate ever. The birth rate in Canada dropped to 9.7% in 1937 from 13.2% live births th at were reported per one thousand in the year 1930. This persisted to be the least percentage up to 1960s[14]. Industries received the full blow of the depression. Due to the heavy reliance on international markets, especially in the US, the plummeting of the international trade and revoking of the trade tariffs worsened the condition of the industries. Preceding the great depression, industries had indulged in excess production that the depression cut off its market. Some of the industries closed while other lay off thousands of workers. Groups and expansion introduced in Canada as a result of the Great Depression The Great Depression in Canada witnessed several regimes come up with various litigation measures to alleviate the condition of the Canadians and help spur economic growth. Starting with Mackenzie and Bennett ill advised policies, the Canadian government failed to make any impact on the economic and financial condition of the nation. Bennett as well as Mackenzie thought t hat the introduction of government intervention like high tariffs, cutting off aid to some provinces and adjusted financial plans could abate the situation. These plans and policies backfired and only produced disastrous results for the Canadians. The failure of the latter plans and policies called for new transformations. The new alterations combined the social credit theories of inflation, the democratic socialism and the BC Premier Wages and Work program[15]. On the political scene, the economic slump saw the alteration of the modernization party steered by Stevens and the advent of Herridge New Democratic drive party. Canada’s Communist Party was virtually proscribed starting from the year 1931 after nine of its associates were detained and imprisoned for being supporters of illegitimate associations till 1936. The Communist Party was also outlawed after the 1939 declaration of war. Nevertheless, the National Unemployed Workers Association performed a critical role in the organization of the jobless and unskilled Canadians to demonstrate and protest against the Great Depression impacts and the reluctance of the government to take drastic measures[16]. While it might be perceived that domestic effects of such organizations were negligible, the Great Depression finally gave rise to the extension of the Canadian government accountability as regards to social and economic prosperity How the governments handled the crisis The Canadian government started off by denying various projects and provinces financial aid to aid economic recovery in the belief that the slump was momentarily[17]. During Bennett’s reign, the government initiated futile attempts but provided the needed aid to the struggling population. These futile attempts proved helpful in that they set the stage for other useful transformations like the Work Program and BC Premier Wages. Conclusion The unprecedented wave of the economic slump that hit the world in the early 1920s and ensued till the World War II proved so much for the financial and economic systems of Canada. From the over-reliance on industrial and agricultural export trade, the whole of Canada and its population felt the extreme effects of the depression. Unemployment ensued and formerly employed Canadians relied on government relief and charity grants for survival. In essence, the great depression wrecked the whole system of life in Canada and disturbed the economic and financial system prompting a new inquiry. Work Cited Bordo, Michael and Redish Angela. â€Å"Credible Commitment and Exchange Rate Stability: Canada’s Interwar Experience.† Canadian Journal of Economics 23 (1990): 357–380. Print. Bryce, Robert. â€Å"Maturing in Hard Times: Canada’s Department of Finance through the Great Depression†. Toronto, Ontario: Institute of Public Administration of Canada, 1986. Web. http://site.ebrary.com/lib/uwo/docDetail.action?docID=10138961. Bryden, Penny. Visions: Th e Canadian History Modules Project: Post-Confederation, Toronto: Nelson Education, 2010. Print. Granatstein, John and Norman Hillmer. â€Å"The Great Depression: Canada’s Century.† July 1999. Web. http://search.proquest.com/docview/218500803/abstract?accountid=15115. Haubrich, Joseph. â€Å"Nonmonetary Effects of Financial Crisis: Lessons from the Great Depression in Canada.† Journal of Monetary Economics 25 (1990): 223–252. Print. Horn, Michiel. The Great Depression of the 1930s in Canada, Ottawa: Canadian Historical Association, 1984. Print. Irwin, Douglas. â€Å"The Smoot-Hawley Tariff: A Quantitative Assessment.† Review of Economics and Statistics 80 (May 1998): 326 -334. Print. Maclean. â€Å"The Great Depression – Causes Concerns†. 1934. Web. http://canadachannel.ca/HCO/index.php/3._The_Great_Depression_and_the_Dirty_Thirties. Neatby, Blair. The Politics of Chaos: Canada in the Thirties, Toronto: Corp Clark Pitman, 1986. Print. Romer, Christina. â€Å"What Ended the Great Depression?† Journal of Economic History 52 (1992): 757-784. Print. Safarian, Albert. The Canadian Economy in the Great Depression, Toronto: Univ. Pr., 1959. Print. Schwartz, Anna J. â€Å"Understanding 1929 -1933†. In The Great Depression Revisited, Boston: Martinus Nijhoff, 1981: 5-48. Print. Sprinkling, Noah H. â€Å"Serving the Great Depression.† British Columbia History 31.4 (1998):2. Web. https://www.lib.uwo.ca/cgi-bin/ezpauthn.cgi/docview/205085301?accountid=15115. Footnotes Bordo, Michael and Redish Angela. â€Å"Credible Commitment and Exchange Rate Stability: Canada’s Interwar Experience.† Canadian Journal of Economics 23 (1990): 357–380. Maclean, Mag. â€Å"The Great Depression – Causes Concerns†. 1934. Web. http://canadachannel.ca/HCO/index.php/3._The_Great_Depression_and_the_Dirty_Thirties. Maclean Mag. â€Å"The Great Depression – Causes Concerns†. 193 4. Web. http://canadachannel.ca/HCO/index.php/3._The_Great_Depression_and_the_Dirty_Thirties. Maclean Mag. â€Å"The Great Depression – Causes Concerns†. 1934. Web. http://canadachannel.ca/HCO/index.php/3._The_Great_Depression_and_the_Dirty_Thirties. Maclean Mag. â€Å"The Great Depression – Causes Concerns†. 1934. Web. http://canadachannel.ca/HCO/index.php/3._The_Great_Depression_and_the_Dirty_Thirties. Irwin, Douglas. â€Å"The Smoot-Hawley Tariff: A Quantitative Assessment.† Review of Economics and Statistics 80 (May 1998): 326 -334. Neatby, Blair. The Politics of Chaos: Canada in the Thirties (Toronto: Corp Clark Pitman, 1986) 23. Bryce, Robert. â€Å"Maturing in Hard Times: Canada’s Department of Finance through the Great Depression†. Toronto, Ontario: Institute of Public Administration of Canada, 1986: 1. Schwartz, Anna J. â€Å"Understanding 1929 -1933†. In The Great Depression Revisited (Boston: Martinus Nijhoff, 1981 ): 5-48. Safarian, Albert. The Canadian Economy in the Great Depression (Toronto: Univ. Pr., 1959) 27. Romer, Christina. â€Å"What Ended the Great Depression?† Journal of Economic History 52 (1992): 757-784. Granatstein, John and Norman Hillmer. â€Å"The Great Depression: Canada’s Century.† July 1999: 48. Web. http://search.proquest.com/docview/218500803/abstract?accountid=15115. Haubrich Joseph. â€Å"Nonmonetary Effects of Financial Crisis: Lessons from the Great Depression in Canada.† Journal of Monetary Economics 25 (1990): 223–252. Sprinkling, Noah H. â€Å"Serving the Great Depression.† British Columbia History 31.4 (1998):2. Web. https://www.lib.uwo.ca/cgi-bin/ezpauthn.cgi/docview/205085301?accountid=15115. Romer, Christina. â€Å"What Ended the Great Depression?† Journal of Economic History 52 (1992): 757-784. Bryden, Penny. Visions: The Canadian History Modules Project: Post-Confederation (Toronto: Nelson Education, 2010) 2 98. Horn, Michiel. The Great Depression of the 1930s in Canada (Ottawa: Canadian Historical Association, 1984) 34. This research paper on The Impact of the Great Depression on Canada was written and submitted by user Evie M. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The #1 Rule for Filling Out Your Walmart Application

The #1 Rule for Filling Out Your Walmart Application SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Applying for a Walmart career? Want your Walmart application to stand out? Filling out the Walmart online application can be a little confusing. In addition to normal application questions about your background, the Walmart application asks you to complete a "Pre-Employment Assessment test." This 65-question test will HUGELY affect your chances of starting a Walmart career. In this guide, I’ll tell you where to find the Walmart online application. Even better, I'll explain the key to acing the Walmart Pre-Employment Assessment Test, so you have the best chance possible of getting a Walmart job. How to Find the Walmart Online Application for Retail Work First things first, how do you find Walmart employment? Head on over to the Walmart.com jobs website. The website will take you through a few steps to find a Walmart job near you. Once you’ve located a job near you, the application is split into two main sections: background information and the pre-employment assessment. The background information section is pretty simple. It just asks you to enter information about where you live, how to contact you, your education, your previous employment history, etc. Simply follow the steps on the website, and answer every question truthfully. Once you’ve completed the background information portion, you’ll be re-directed to the Walmart Pre-Employment Assessment. How to Ace the Walmart Pre-Employment Assessment The second part of the Walmart application is the Pre-Employment Assessment, a 65-question test split into four sections. In the first section, you’ll be presented with various work-related situations and you’ll need to select the most appropriate response. Below are examples of these types of questions from the actual Walmart job application. The second section asks you to rate the effectiveness of certain work actions on a scale of 1-5 for effectiveness. In the third section, you’re presented with statements, and you need to select how much you agree or disagree with it. The fourth section asks you about your past experience. The Pre-Employment Assessment is graded pass/fail. You have to complete and pass the test to be considered for a Walmart job. Therefore, you need to do well, but how? The #1 most important rule to remember to ace the test is that quality customer service is very important to Walmart. Consider that before answering any questions. I’ll walk you through a sample question from each section and show you how to apply this rule to answer the question. Section 1 sample question: â€Å"One of your customers has just said to you, ‘The service here is terrible.’ You should say:† â€Å"What is it about the service that you have not liked?† â€Å"Would you like to fill out a complaint form? I can get one for you.† â€Å"I realize our service is poor today. We are understaffed, so I apologize.† â€Å"I am really sorry to hear you say that, but we are trying as hard as we can.† If you think what would quality customer service be, then you’d probably realize that just apologizing is not the best choice. You want to learn WHAT it is that was bad, and figure out how you can improve it. Therefore, I’d eliminate C and D. B is good but not very personal. A shows the customer you care and want to help. Therefore, A is the best choice in terms of quality customer service, so I’d choose A. Section 2 sample question: Rate the following action listed for dealing with an angry customer who has come to you with a complaint on a scale of 1-5 for effectiveness (1 being very ineffective, 5 being very effective): â€Å"Outlining reason why the customer’s concern is not right.† If I, the employee, tell the customer that they shouldn’t be angry and that their complaint is not valid, that will likely make the customer angrier. It certainly won’t make the customer happy and won’t make them feel like they’re being appreciated or listened to. Imagine if you went to a store yourself and was angry - would you like if it the staff member told you why you were wrong? Probably not. Therefore, it would be bad customer service, so I think it’d be very ineffective. I’d give it a 1. Section 3 sample question: Rate the following for how much you agree or disagree on a scale of 1-5 (1 being strongly disagree, 5 being strongly agree): â€Å"I enjoy spending the time to find answers to difficult questions.† If Walmart cares about quality customer service, then they want all Walmart employees to answer all customer questions. If a customer presents you with a difficult question, then Walmart expects you to find the answer. If you say you hate spending time answering hard questions, Walmart may think you won’t help customers. Therefore, I’d guess they want you to enjoy spending time answering questions. I’d say 5 strongly agree. Section 4 sample question: â€Å"You have typically set work standards that were aimed:† â€Å"Above average as compared to other employees.† â€Å"At the same level as other employees.† â€Å"At achieving the highest quality possible.† â€Å"At completing the largest quantity of work.† Again, Walmart cares about quality customer service. Therefore, they care about high quality work. Using this logic, A or C is probably the best answer. If you compare A and C, A simply says the work standard is above average while C says the work standard is aimed at achieving the highest quality possible. C is the better choice because it’s stronger than A. The customer should always be happy. Summary: How to Start Your Walmart Career If you're looking to work at Walmart, remember the following key points: You can find Walmart jobs and start filling out the Walmart application at the Walmart.com jobs website. There are two parts to the Walmart application: provide your background information and answer a Pre-Employment Assessment. You need to pass the Pre-Employment Assessment in order to be eligible for a Walmart job. When working through the assessment always keep the principles of excellent customer service in mind.

Company law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Company law - Assignment Example The firm which was formed five years go in the town of Oldchester is therefore, a partnership for a fixed term with written set of partnership articles. The partnership deed is a contractual agreement between the partners in a given partnership. It stipulates guidelines and the relationship between the partners and between the partners and third parties such as the firm. When former their partnership, the three partners, Lindsay Peart, Mary Hope and Janine Foster had drawn a partnership deed. One of the clauses which are in the deed is 18 on the conduct of partners and condition for expulsion of a partner. Of late, the partnership has been parting in the midst of a crisis caused by uncouth conduct of one of the partners, Lindsay Peart. Lindsay has been away from the daily management of the partnership on the pretext of sickness. However, the other two partners have information that she had actually been convicted and fined for criminal offence for damage. To make matters worse, her s ocial behavior has had negative effect on the firm image. It is alleged that she had written some swear words on the wall of a Bank in the town with spray paint while under the influence of alcohol. The behavior of Lindsay has become unbearable prompting the other two partners to consider expelling her from the partnership. ... The process of expelling Peart from the partnership will be heavily guided by the clause 18 of the partnership deed and the partnership Act of 1890 (HM Revenue &Customs, 2011). The clause 18 advices Mary and Janine to follow the due process; by writing to notify her of their intention to exorcise her from the partnership. The notice can be served to her in person or be left the partnerships’ office (Mesriani Law Group,2011). In the notice, Mary and Janine should quote extensively clause 18 to make Peart aware of the grounds for expulsion. Notifying her of the reason for expulsion will avoid loosing a legal case as happened in Barnes v Young where it was rulwed that the partnes had an obligation to notify the expellee on reasons for expulsion. The apparent absence of Lindsay in the firm has been the major cause of the upheavals resulting in the halting of the extension project and the resulting legal battles with the contractor. Initially, the firm had entered into a contract w ith standard Construction Ltd to extend the premises by adding a new entrance hallway to their office. Standard Construction Ltd successfully sued Foster, Peart and Hope Architects for damages amounting to ?4,000 for the work completed. Why place the blame on Lindsay, one would ask. As a matter of fact, Foster, Peart and Hope Architects are a partnership where the partners are actively involved in the running of the business on day to day basis. The three partners share duties and other roles within the firm. Apparently, Lindsay Peart was directly responsible for the implementation of the extension project, leaving the other two partners to concentrate on other

Zoo Activity at The Los Angeles Zoo and Botanical Gardens Essay

Zoo Activity at The Los Angeles Zoo and Botanical Gardens - Essay Example 1. Gorilla - Gorilla gorilla They are regarded as the largest of all living primates. They have been found to confine largely to the forested regions of central Africa. Two varieties: highland and lowland. They show marked SEXUAL DIMORPHISM. Males weigh up to 400 pounds and females at 200 pounds. Weight makes them semi-QUADRUPEDAL knuckle walkers and majorly terrestrial. Family groups comprise of one or more large silverback males, a few females and sub-adult offspring. They are gentle and shy vegetarians. However, when provoked males will attack to defend their group (Groves, Wilson, and Reeder, 123-129). The majority of gorillas in zoos are western gorilla Gorilla gorilla. The Los Angeles Zoo and Botanical Gardens had a gorilla with brownish-gray pelage color with reddish highlights. The male weighed around 140 kilograms while the female weighed around 75 kilograms. Its locomotion was quadrupedally, with a special kind of quadrupedal gait called knuckle-walking (Fleagle, 148). The gorilla has a polygynous mating system and unimale social system. Both the female and male gorillas emigrated from the NATAL GROUPS (Larsen 124). Immature gorillas spent much of their time playing, resting and GROOMING each other showing true ALTRUISM for about 20 minutes, although they tended to groom direct siblings. The silver-back male made roars to show stress or threat making the group to hide.

Dishonesty in the law of crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Dishonesty in the law of crime - Essay Example This research aims to evaluate and present dishonesty in the law of crime. a defendant can be deemed to have acted dishonestly if he knows that his doing is dishonest from the perspective of ordinary people. The use of this criterion, whereby honesty is determined by the standards of honest and reasonable people, can be criticised since it can lead to inconsistency given that various juries can reach different decisions on similar cases. Williams states that given the low levels of self-discipline that is prevailing in the society, he advises that the query of dishonesty should not be left to the jury. Therefore, the ghosh test has its basis on the assumption that there is a single standard of honesty that is universal and members of the society that are thinking right are the ones who hold it. This standard is seen to be so high that it can place a line between what is honest and what is unlawful (dishonest). The satisfactory and workable test about dishonesty should specify when co nduct is to be viewed as dishonest. Conduct should be viewed as dishonest if the one finding facts decides that reasonable and ordinary people would view the conduct as dishonest. This test is a fully objective assessment of dishonesty that is criminal and it contradicts the ghosh test to some extent, but it retains a little reference to the ordinary standards of the community. An individual is guilty of theft if he appropriates another person’s property dishonestly and intends to keep it away from him or her permanently. (Clarkson 87). It is not material whether this appropriation takes place for the gain of the thief. This act does not give the definition of dishonesty; instead, it only gives some specific situations where an individual is considered as not dishonest (Williams and Waller 157). The Ghosh Test of Dishonesty This is the current test for dishonesty, it is a test brought forward by the court of appeal, and is a two-stage objective/substantive test (Molan 17). Th is test is somewhat good because the decision as to whether the accused is guilty or not is left for the jury. The ghosh test has a number of criticisms because in this world there is no single standard of honesty held by the reasonable people of the society. Justices Toohey and Gaudron also criticised Ghosh as having practical problems. They also felt that, not all offences involving dishonesty were similar (Haplin 97). Subsequently, there is a need for the judge conducting the trial to stipulate the clear explicit meaning of dishonest to the jury. This is a peculiar test for dishonest

Role of Pectic Enzymes in Fruit Ripening Process

Role of Pectic Enzymes in Fruit Ripening Process ABSTRACT Fruits are important natural sources of human nutrition for regulation of several metabolic functions and maintenance of good health. They are one of the significant commercial food commodities and their economic value depends on several limiting factors. They easily undergo ripening in a shorter period of time and have a limited post-harvest existence. Fruit ripening is a common phenomenon occurring in fruits based on which they are harvested, consumed directly or processed for various purposes. It is an intricate phenomenon involving extremely synchronized, genetically encoded and an irreversible process that results in a sequence of biochemical, physical and organoleptic alterations in a fruit. This finally develops into soft, palatable and a ripe fruit which possess necessary quality characteristics. On the other hand, excessive ripening results in spoilage of fruits. Ripening is related to the modifications of cell wall polysaccharides like starch, cellulose, hemicellulose and p ectins. Despite of several changes occurring in fruits such as loss of turgor, starch degradation and loss of contents during ripening, enzyme-catalysed variations to cell wall composition and structure are considered as main reason for softening of fruits. Pectic enzymes are a group of enzymes responsible for pectin degradation in fruits. They are termed as pectinase that includes pectic lyase, polygalacturonase, pectic methyl esterase and rhamnogalacturonase. Pectic enzymes degrade pectin resulting in softening and senescence in fruits. Pectins are the important polysaccharides occurring in middle lamella and primary cell wall. It contributes to the texture, consistency and quality of fruits. Degradation of pectin during ripening process was known to cause fruit tissue softening. Recent developments in molecular biology have helped in better understanding of fruit ripening mechanism due to enzymic activity. A review about the role of pectic enzymes on the plant cell walls to bring about softening during ripening process is discussed. Keywords: Fruits, cell wall polysaccharides, pectin, pectic enzymes, ripening INTRODUCTION Fruits are important sources of human nutrition and it is a commercially essential food commodity. Fruits are greatly specialized structures developed from a matured and pollinated ovary which have aesthetic characteristics with delicate aroma, striking colours, flavour, taste and juiciness from the edible seed vessels or receptacles (Prasanna et al., 2007). Prasanna et al., (2007) have indicated that fruits possess a wide variety of nutritional substances like vitamins (B-complex, C and K), phenolics and carotene providing higher energy value. They are classified as temperate, tropical and sub-tropical fruits based on their distribution in nature (Prasanna et al., 2007). When completely matured, harvesting of fruits is done. Maturity and ripening of fruits depends on their catalytic mechanism and based on the respiration pattern and biosynthesis of ethylene during ripening, harvested fruits are grouped as climacteric (capable of ripening after detachment from parent plant) and non-c limacteric (unable to continue ripening when detached from parent plant) type (Prasanna et al., 2007). Fruit ripening is an intricate irreversible phenomenon which is highly synchronized and genetically encoded causing biochemical, physiological and organoleptic alterations resulting in a ripened edible fruit (Prasanna et al., 2007). Several factors involved in ripening of fruits are shown in Figure 1. Figure 1: Factors involved in fruit ripening (Koning, 1994) Plant cell walls are complex structures which contain polysaccharides, proteins and enzymes. Pectin which contributes about one-third of the plant cell wall in dicots plays a crucial role in tissue development, adherence of cells, apoplastic porosity and so on (Almeida and Huber, 2007). Pectin is in control of maintenance of integrity of cell wall. It forms a cross-link between cellulose microfibrils and xyloglucans as shown in Figure 2. During ripening, pectin is greatly modified by the enzyme actions resulting in relaxing of cellular interconnections. This leads to loosening and hydrolysis of cell wall polymers which is the main reason for softening of fruit tissues (Gwanpua et al., 2014). Figure 1: Plant cell wall structure (Sticklen, 2008) Texture, an important quality attribute in fruits is altered leading to softening of fruits during ripening (Barret and Gonzalez, 1994). The mechanisms involved in fruit ripening were not understood clearly. It may be due to several factors like turgor loss, starch deprivation, loss of nutritional contents and so on (Ali et al., 2004). The major changes in texture causing softness where due to enzyme-catalysed changes in the cell wall assembly and composition, cell wall polysaccharides (pectin and cellulose) solubilization partially or completely (Waldron and Faulds, 2007). It has been studied by Rodriguez and Restrepo (2011) that, Pectic constituents is an important determinant of the firmness and consistency of the fruits (Van Buren, 1991). Pectinesterase (PE), polygalacturonase (PG) and Pectateliase (PL) are major pectic enzymes responsible for softening of fruit tissues during ripening (Rodriguez and Restrepo, 2011). Rodriguez and Restrepo (2011) have also indicated that, combine d action of these enzymes add to the final texture of fruit and when these enzymes undergo excessive reactions with pectin, it results in notorious softening and provides perfect conditions for microbial attack. Gwanpua et al., (2014) studied that softening is one of the significant changes occurring in climacteric fruit ripening. They were more prone to microbial infections and physical damages and may adverse during prolonged storage. Fruit firmness determines its economic value and considerable effects were taken to control softness of fruits due to enzymic action, metabolic changes and changes in storage conditions (Gwanpua et al., 2014). Softening associated with the ripening mediated by the pectic enzyme action on plant cell walls of different fruits is discussed in this study. 2. Pectic enzymes Pectinases are commonly referred to as pectic enzymes. They act upon pectin constituents of cell wall matrix resulting in softening of fruits. Polygalacturonase (PG), Pectin methyl esterase (PME), Pectin lyase (PL) are some of the major pectic enzymes classified based on their type of action involved in degradation of pectins. The modes of action of these enzymes are as shown in figure 2. Figure 3: Mode of action of pectolytic enzymes (Van Rensburg and Pretorius, 2000). PME causes de-esterification by catalysing the pectin methyl group hydrolysis (Prasanna et al., 2007). They were known to usually attack on the methyl ester linkages of a galacturonate entity which lies next to non-esterified galacturonate component. This process acts as a precondition for polygalacturonase activity (Prasanna et al., 2007). Rodriguez and Restrepo (2011) implicated that pectin methyl esterases (PME) were found to alter pectin in case of low methoxy pectin and in polygalacturonic acid by hydrolysis of methyl ester bonds in esterified carboxyls. It was observed that the softening process could be controlled by the control of this enzyme action in fruits like pear, grape, citrus, tomato, strawberry, arracacha, potato, papaya, kiwi and guava (Rodriguez and Restrepo, 2011; Prasanna et al., 2007). PG, referred as Pectolytic glycanase is an essential hydrolytic enzyme playing an important role in pectin termination (Prasanna et al., 2007). They act on pectic acids and ÃŽ ±-1, 4- glycosidic bonds are hydrolysed between the residues of galacturonic acid in galacturonans. They are categorized as endo-PG and exo-PG (Prasanna et al., 2007). Prasanna et al., (2007) studied that Endo-PG act randomly in pectin de-polymerization and exo-PG releases galacturonic acid by catalysing the glycosidic bonds hydrolysis from the non-reducing end of the pectic substances. It is recognized that middle lamella dissolution in the course of fruit ripening were done by PG. PL undergoes mechanism of ÃŽ ²-elimination of the glycosidic bonds (Prasanna et al., 2007). They also indicated that PL acts an endo-enzyme which acts randomly during cleavage of esterified galacturonate units. PL was known to act at methyl-ester bonds leading to beta-elimination of glycosidic bonds by formation of double bonds in galacturonic acids (Rodriguez and Restrepo, 2011). Rodriguez and Restrepo (2011) specified that pectin lyase (PL) enzyme were responsible for cell wall degradation resulting in softening of banana and strawberries. The changes in pectin due to these enzymes action were as shown in Figure 4. Figure 4: Action of Pectolytic enzymes on pectin (Prasanna et al., 2007) 2.1. Role of pectic enzymes in softening during ripening in different fruit varieties Pectic enzymes play an important role in ripening of fruit by degradation of pectic substances found in fruits. Several researches were conducted in different fruit varieties and in their respective juices to understand the role of pectic enzymes in softening of fruit tissues and their intended use in preparation of fruit juices to enhance mashing of fruits, for clarification of fruit juices and also to increase the release of flavours from fruits (Whitaker, 1984). Invitro-studies of some selected fruits and their pectic enzymic activity is discussed. Besford and Hobson (1972) studied the pectic enzyme activity in tomato fruit and concluded that action of PG/ PME or transelimination by pectic transeliminase were not responsible for tomato ripening. Almedia and Huber (2008) have indicated that softening of tomato fruit during ripening were not associated with the PG activity eventhough they remained active in ripened fruit. Enzymic activities of other fruits are studied comparing with tomato as model fruit (Ali et al., 2004). Pires and Finardi-Filho (2005) have extracted PE and PG from Peruvian carrots to understand the pectic enzyme activities in carrot and found that pectinases along with amylases would act together to bring about spoilage in tubers. Owino et al., (2004) have studied about the alterations in fig fruits during ripening due to changes in cell-wall polysaccharides. They have concluded that qualitative differences in both receptacle and drupelets were observed in pectic polymers compared to the hemi-cellulosic substances. This indicates that ripening of fig is associated with modifications in pectin. Several studies were done to understand ripening of strawberries genetically as it softens rapidly (Pombo et al., 2009; Bustamante et al., 2006). It was observed that cell wall degradation were due to pectin dissoloution by pectic enzyme activities in strawberries which enters ripening phase quicker overlapping with the senescence. Manrique and Lajolo (2004) discussed about the cell-wall modifications in papaya fruit during postharvest ripening. They found that several enzymic actions are involved in papaya fruit during the entire period. There were notable changes in pectic polymers during papaya ripening which were mainly due to PG activity and probably due to PME as there were charge density modifications in polymers (Manrique and Lajolo, 2004). Avocado fruit undergoes pectin depolymerisation in contrast to other fruits and it was observed that it was the only fruit in which huge amounts of pectin were readily solubilizing under milder conditions (Pesis et al., 1978; Huber at al., 2001). In case of apples, exo-PG, PME and PL activity were observed to cause changes in cell wall polysaccharides (Goulao et al., 2007; Oritz et al., 2011). Studies related to cell wall modification during ripening of apples reveals that exo-PG, PME and PL activity influences softening of apples (Goulao et al., 2007). Studies by Gw anpua et al., (2014) in jonagold apples have shown that increment of PG activity occurred late during ripening and PME activity did not influence the ripening process. Cheng et al., (2011) observed that banana fruit which enters softening during ripening were associated with pectic hydrolytic activity and it was mainly due to the combined effects of PG and PME activity. Abu-Goukh and Bashir (2003) have observed that softening of guava fruit and mango were mainly due to PG and cellulose activity during ripening which resulted in drop in firmness of the fruits. Similarly in case of peaches, softening is due to depolymerisation of pectin by endo-PG activity resulting in solubilization of cell-wall polymers (Yoshioka et al., 2011). 3. CONCLUSION Pectin polymers form a gel-like matrix which provides cell-wall integrity contributing to the firmness of fruits. It stabilizes the texture and colour of the fruit based on which freshness of fruits is determined. Commercial value of fruits is based on these quality attributes. Several researches conducted on different types of fruits indicate that pectic enzymes have an important role in softening of fruit tissues during ripening. They were known to cause pectin solubilization in cell-wall matrices by different modes of action like lysis, de-esterification and glycanase activity. Research studies conducted on selected types of fruits under in-vitro conditions indicated that Polygalacturonase activity is predominant in almost all-types of fruits compare to pectin methyl-esterase and Pectic-lyase activities. Pectic enzymes were not the only factor for softening of fruits during ripening as it is influenced by several other factors like changes in pH, temperature, harvesting period, st orage conditions, physical damage, microbial attack, presence of sugars, other hydrolytic, kinetic and amylase enzymes and so on. Better understanding of mechanism of pectic enzymes on primary cell-walls of fruits would enhance the control of softening and ripening process. This in turn, will improve the quality of fruits extending its shelf-life. Recent advancements favoured the isolation of pectic enzymes commercially which is used intentionally for accelerating the maturation of fruits, added in production of fruit juices to easily crush the fruits, to solubilize the complex cell-wall matrices, to release all nutrients, to control haze formation in juices, to enhance flavour and colour characteristics of fruit juices, and so on. Recent developments in molecular biology have paved a way for genetically understanding the pectic enzyme action on primary cell-walls in fruits. Henceforth, pectic enzymes play a determining role in softening associated with ripening of fruits.

Dramatic Monologue Essay -- Essays Papers

Dramatic Monologue When discussing the poetic form of dramatic monologue it is rare that it is not associated with and its usage attributed to the poet Robert Browning. Robert Browning has been considered the master of the dramatic monologue. Although some critics are skeptical of his invention of the form, for dramatic monologue is evidenced in poetry preceding Browning, it is believed that his extensive and varied use of the dramatic monologue has significantly contributed to the form and has had an enormous impact on modern poetry. "The dramatic monologues of Robert Browning represent the most significant use of the form in postromantic poetry" (Preminger and Brogan 799). The dramatic monologue as we understand it today "is a lyric poem in which the speaker addresses a silent listener, revealing himself in the context of a dramatic situation" (Murfin 97). "The character is speaking to an identifiable but silent listener at a dramatic moment in the speaker's life. The circumstances surrounding the co nversation, one side which we "hear" as the dramatic monologue, are made by clear implication, and an insight into the character of the speaker may result" (Holman and Harmon 152). Although Browning wrote numerous dramatic monologues his contemporaries often criticized his works as being too emotional. The dramatic monologues of Browning are characterized by certain identifiable traits. The three requirements of a Browning dramatic monologue are "The reader takes the part of the silent listener; The speaker uses a case-making argumentative tone; We complete the dramatic scene from within, by means of inference and imagination" (Landow). Critics have interpreted the third requirement, the reader's interpretation and conclusions... ...tical Views. Ed. Harold Bloom, N.Y.: Chelsea House Publishers, 1985. 23-44. Murfin, Roy and Supryia M. Ray, eds. The Bedford Glossary of Critical Literary Terms. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 1998. O’Neill, Patricia. Robert Browning and Twentieth-Century Criticism. Columbia, SC: Camden House, 1995. Preminger, Alex and T.V. Brogan eds. The New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics. Princeton: PUP, 1993. Shaviro, Steven. "Browning upon Caliban upon Setebos." Browning Society Notes 12 (1983). Rpt. in Robert Browning: Modern Critical Views. Ed. Harold Bloom, N.Y.: Chelsea House Publishers, 1985. 139-150. Wagner-Lawlor, Jennifer. "The Pragmatics of Silence, and the Figuration of the Reader in Browning's Dramatic Monologues." Victorian Poetry 35.3 (Fall 1997) : 287-302. Woolford, John. Browning the Revisionary. N.Y.: St. Martin's Press, 1988.

Pfizer information systems Essay

Pfizer is a health organization in form of a pharmaceutical company. It has its headquarters in London. Due to the wide distribution of activities within the corporation however, success of its activities has been through the use of Clinical Management System (CMS). This is management software, which is in a form of a wide scope of database that support the storage, processing and release of information across different departments. In 2000, this information system database won the top honor towards care management. The nature of the database is inform of a complex autonomy of information sourcing, storage and dissemination center to the various departments within the organization. (http://ieeexplore. ieee. org/Xplore/login. jsp? url=/iel5/6709/20043/00926806. pdf? arnumber=926806) It has been an important implement towards the maintenance of patient records in electronic forms. It helps in providing support for the providers of primary care, care managers, health professionals and nurses with the most appropriate framework for decision-making. Within its system, CMS database holds records about the outlay of various chronic diseases. Elsewhere, it is equipped with the health information of various patients which is seen as an important step towards offering adequate performance lifestyle in the care management for the patients. (http://www. pfizer. com. my/01b_bus. asp) To Pfizer, CMS database system was developed as a solution towards patients care management. It has been a tool for supplement health care management in various institutional process management within the organization. A complex autonomy of data is held within its system which captures patient health history, chronic diseases, and medical attention given to them above others. Decision support for patients is attained through the provision of information across various departments within the organization. The database helps the professionals for health care in collected the most appropriate medical history, laboratory data, medical data information on treatment status, symptoms and other basic patient information. Within its system also, treatment information on patients that have diabetes, depression and heart failure is maintained. It also has a component of modules that are used by health care professionals in facilitating health lifestyles. Consequently, an approach towards lifestyles that help to reduce the risks involved in cardiovascular disease is provided. (http://www. pfizerhealthsolutions. com/media/071301_award. asp) Therefore, CMS is a risk management database system where information which is patient specific is stored. Consequently, the stored information is thus configured towards providing the most appropriate real-time analyzed decision support structures to the caregivers. The application of the information held in the system involves trained nurses as well as care managers who are licensed to use various program protocols under strict supervision of a specialist. They then deliver the most appropriate care towards the success of the patients. It has various clinical features and functions aimed at patient care management. Generally, Pfizer Health solutions have been known in offering and enhancing efficiency and quality in health care delivery. This would perhaps be a simple structure of database CMS information system.

IT Doesn’t matter Essay

â€Å"If a company needs evidence of the kind of money that might be saved, it need only look at Microsoft’s profit margin† Excerpts from a company’s strategy document †¢ †¦ the company will ensure that it will have at least 2 plug points in each room with AC connection. †¢ The switches will be white in color and will make a ‘click’ sound on pressing †¢ Press to hear the click sound Disclaimer †¢ We all agree to the fact that IT plays a crucial role in running an organisation. †¢ All that we are driving at is that the existence of IT does not grant a competitive advantage to a company, anymore In other words, IT lets you remain in the race, Winning is a totally different ball game altogether The (lost) Edge †¢ Can IT provide an edge for you? †¢ You only gain an edge over rivals by having or doing something that they can’t have or do. †¢ By now, the core functions of IT – data storage, data processing, and data transport – have become available and affordable to all. †¢ And hence they are becoming costs of doing business that must be paid by all but provide distinction to none Risk >>> Advantage †¢ When a resource becomes essential to competition but inconsequential to strategy, the risks it creates become more important than the advantages it provides †¢ Lets classify technologies into †¢ Proprietary technologies †¢ Infrastructural technologies. †¢ Proprietary technologies can be owned, actually or effectively, by a single company. †¢ Infrastructural technologies, in contrast, offer far more value when shared IT has all the hallmarks of an infrastructural technology. †¢ Its mix of characteristics guarantees particularly rapid commoditization. †¢ IT is, first of all, a transport mechanism–it carries digital information just as railroads carry goods and power grids carry electricity. †¢ And like any transport mechanism, it is far more valuable when shared than when used in isolation Hence the technology’s potential for differentiating one company from the pack – its strategic potential – declines as it becomes accessible and affordable to all. Mainframe timesharing local area networks Ethernet networks Internet †¢ Each stage in the above progression has led to Greater standardization of the technology and hence greater homogenization of its functionality. †¢ The benefits of customization would be overwhelmed by the costs of isolation. †¢ Because most business activities and processes have come to be embedded in software, they become replicable †¢ Both the cost savings and the interoperability benefits make the sacrifice of distinctiveness unavoidable The arrival of the Internet has accelerated the commoditization of IT by providing a perfect delivery channel for generic applications Signs that the IT has reached Saturation †¢ First, IT’s power is outstripping most of the business needs it fulfills. Second, the price of essential IT functionality has dropped to the point where it is more or less affordable to all. Third, the capacity of the universal distribution network (the Internet) has caught up with demand – indeed, we already have considerably more fiber-optic capacity than we need. Fourth, IT vendors are rushing to position themselves as commodity suppliers or even as utilities. Finally, and most definitively, the investment bubble has burst, which historically has been a clear indication that an infrastructural technology is reaching the end of its buildout. Do the Right Thing†¦ †¢   The operational risks associated with IT are many – technical glitches, obsolescence, service outages, unreliable vendors or partners, security breaches, even terrorism–and some have become magnified as companies have moved from tightly controlled, proprietary systems to open, shared ones. IT may be a commodity, and its costs may fall rapidly enough to ensure that any new capabilities are quickly shared, but the very fact that it is entwined with so many business functions means that it will continue to consume a large portion of corporate spending. IT buyers should throw their weight around, to negotiate contracts that ensure the long term usefulness of their PC investments and impose hard limits on upgrade costs. And if vendors balk, companies should be willing to explore cheaper solutions, including open-source applications and bare-bones network PCs. Most of the major business technology vendors, from Microsoft to IBM, are trying to position themselves as IT utilities, companies that will control the provision of a diverse range of business applications over what is now called, â€Å"the grid. † The upshot is ever greater homogenization of IT capabilities, as more companies replace customized applications with generic ones. Wal-Mart and Dell Computer are exceptions to this though. In2002, the consulting firm Alinean compared the IT expenditures and the financial results of 7,500 large U. S. companies †¢ The 25 companies that delivered the highest economic returns, spent on average just 0. 8% of their revenues on IT, while the typical company spent 3. 7%. †¢ Larry Ellison, one of the great technology salesmen, admitted in a recent interview that â€Å"most companies spend too much [on IT] and get very little in return. † †¢ The key to success, for the vast majority of companies, is no longer to seek advantage aggressively but to manage costs and risks meticulously. Thank You

Repast and Repaste

Repast and Repaste Repast and Repaste Repast and Repaste By Maeve Maddox The old-fashioned word repast, meaning a meal, is still used by modern speakers, but rarely and self-consciously. Its rarity may explain the fact that many writers who do use it don’t know how to spell it. Here are some examples the misspelling of repast found in print and online: And don’t the Bedouin fry locusts in oil for a tasty repaste? we steered our sturdy craft to dock at a charming little riverside sandwich shop for a tasty repaste and a break from the ride. Two wild pigs provided a tasty repaste for about 25 folks enjoying a tasty repaste of four Quaker Chewy Peanut Butter Chocolate Chip granola bars The spelling and pronunciation of the noun repast conform to modern English spelling conventions. The letter a between consonants represents the short vowel sound, /à ¦/ as in past. Adding an e to the end of the word changes the short a to a long a, /eÉ ª/ as in paste. The spelling repaste does exist for two verbs. 1. repaste: verb. paste again. Say you’ve made a collage by pasting flowers and leaves to a piece of cardboard. What do you do if it starts falling apart? You repaste the bits that have fallen off. 2. repaste: verb. replace the thermal glue between the CPU and the heatsink in your computer. I’m on shaky ground here, but I’ll try to explain this one for fellow nongeeks. While cruising the web looking for incorrect spellings of repast, I discovered that computer gamers are concerned about the necessity to â€Å"repaste.† Computers contain something called a heatsink that draws heat away from the CPU (Central Processing Unit). The CPU and the heatsink are separated by a viscous substance called thermal grease or thermal paste that improves the efficiency of the heat sink by filling any tiny gaps that might exist. As I understand it, computer gaming generates a lot of heat and sometimes the thermal paste dries up, becoming less effective. A gamer â€Å"repastes† by opening the computer, scraping off the dried paste and replacing it with fresh. Other terms for the viscous material are thermal gel, thermal compound, heat paste, heat sink paste and heat sink compound. Bottomline: If you’re writing about food, spell it repast. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:"Because Of" and "Due To" 41 Words That Are Better Than GoodWhen Is a Question Not a Question?

Development of an internet based housing demand database system for Dissertation

Development of an internet based housing demand database system for the KwaZulu-Natal Department of Human Settlements - Dissertation Example The paper tells that the use of information systems across all business enterprises, governance structures and institutions has become an accepted reality. A number of researchers and academicians have focused on the potential benefits, applications and challenges faced in the incorporation of these systems. The implementation of such systems in e-governance bodies have helped immensely in streamlining work processes and improving the overall efficiency of departments in delivering the desired outcomes. A study on developing a land information system for the local government in Naga City Philippines by Rizalino Cruz highlights the significance of intelligent systems in aligning departmental responsibilities, strengthening collaborative efforts, and streamlining the flow of information across various units and stakeholders. The focus of the study was on analysing the key requirements of the local government body involved in land use planning and designing an effective information syst em that helps in achieving departmental goals and long term vision of the local governing bodies. A recent study by PriceWaterHouseCoopers on the role and efficacy of information systems in Department of Housing and Urban Planning observes that an internet based system can help the urban planning and housing department realize their goals and objectives. The primary benefit of such a system lies in its ability to integrate and streamline the flow of vital information within departments, provide its stakeholders with immediate access to relevant details. , and enable managers to take prompt decisions based on the readily accessible data and facts. A legislative audit report on information systems for housing by the State of Montana (2004) highlights the role of such systems in determining the accuracy and reliability of such systems. The information processing capabilities offered by an effective information system cannot be undermined in the face of rapidly advancing technology tool s and applications. The use of internet and communication technologies has greatly enhanced the potentials to receive and process information at the click of a button. Similar studies and implementation of such systems across different countries illustrate the benefits and challenges associated with its effective performance and outcomes. The housing and urban planning department in Thailand benefited immensely from the implementation of

Joseph Plumb Martin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Joseph Plumb Martin - Essay Example Wit and humor are great assets for a writer. Martin describes about the confusing situations that prevailed in the uncertain battlegrounds. Without able officers to guide, issue orders to the soldiers as to the course of action to be followed everything was in a state of mess in the war-fronts. The soldiers were ill-equipped, untrained and faced life-and death situations often. Most of them were inexperienced and did not possess the skills and intricacies of attacking and defending in warfronts. Martin’s grouse that the authorities did not care for the ordinary soldier is genuine. They defended the people and the cause, and once the war was over they were finding it difficult to defend their poor pensions. This observation of Martin is bone chilling: â€Å"If I chance to die in a civilized country, none will deny me that. A dead body never begs a grave; thanks for that.† (p.179, 180). Martin and fellow-soldiers fought wars with utter dedication in sub-human conditions. Their patriotism was matchless. Martin felt genuine anguish the way the soldiers were treated by the authorities, once the job was done. His language is not that of a bitter critic. His simple words pierce the conscience of a discernable reader, like a sharp dagger. Revolutionary speeches were delivered by the big leaders, theoreticians on the subject of racism, and other think-tanks from the ivory towers. But the real difficulties of the war was borne by the ordinary soldiers, and the goal of freedom for the Nation was accomplished by them fighting from the deadly trenches, with genuine apprehensions about their survival to see the sun rise for another day.