Base Definition in Chemistry

In chemistry, a base is a chemical species that donates electrons, accepts protons, or releases hydroxide (OH-) ions in aqueous solution. Bases display certain characteristic properties that can be used to help identify them. They tend to be slippery to the touch (e.g., soap), can taste bitter, react with acids to form salts, and catalyze certain reactions. Types of bases include Arrhenius base, Bronsted-Lowry base, and Lewis base. Examples of bases include alkali metal hydroxides, alkaline earth metal hydroxides, and soap. Key Takeaways: Base Definition A base is a substance that reacts with an acid in an acid-base reaction.The mechanism through which a base works has been argued throughout history. Generally, a base either accepts a proton, releases a hydroxide anion when dissolved in water, or donates an electron.Examples of bases include hydroxides and soap. Word Origin The word base came into use in 1717 by French chemist Louis Là ©mery. Là ©mery used the word as a synonym for Paracelsus alchemical concept of a matrix in alchemy. Paracelsus proposed natural salts grew as a result of a universal acid mixing with a matrix. While Là ©mery may have used the word base first, its modern usage is generally attributed to French chemist Guillaume-Franà §ois Rouelle. Rouelle defined a neutral salt as the product of the union of an acid with another substance that acted as a base for the salt. Examples of Rouelles bases included alkalis, metals, oils, or absorbent earth. In the 18th century, salts were solid crystals, while acids were liquids. So, it made sense to early chemists that the material that neutralized the acid somehow destroyed its spirit and allowed it to take solid form. Properties of a Base A base displays several characteristic properties: Aqueous base solution or molten bases dissociate into ions and conduct electricity.Strong bases and concentrated bases are caustic. They react vigorously with acids and organic matter.Bases react in predictable ways with pH indicators. A base turns litmus paper blue, methyl orange yellow, and phenolphthalein pink. Bromothymol blue remains blue in the presence of a base.A basic solution has a pH greater than 7.Bases have a bitter flavor. (Dont taste them!) Types of Bases Bases may be categorized according to their degree of dissociation in water and reactivity. A strong base completely dissociates into its ions in water or is a compound that can remove a proton (H) from a very weak acid. Examples of strong bases include sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and potassium hydroxide (KOH).A weak base incompletely dissociates in water. Its aqueous solution includes both the weak base and its conjugate acid.A superbase is even better at deprotonation than a strong base. These bases have very weak conjugate acids. Such bases are formed by mixing an alkali metal with its conjugate acid. A superbase cannot remain in aqueous solution because it is a stronger base than the hydroxide ion. An example of a superbase in sodium hydride (NaH). The strongest superbase is the ortho-diethynylbenzene dianion (C6H4(C2)2)2−.A neutral base is one which forms a bond with a neutral acid such that the acid and base share an electron pair from the base.A solid base is active in solid form. Examples include silicon dioxide (SiO2) and NaOH mounted on alumina. Solid bases may be used in anion exchange resins or for reactions with gaseous acids. Reaction Between an Acid and a Base An acid and a base react with each other in a neutralization reaction. In neutralization, an aqueous acid and aqueous base produce an aqueous solution of salt and water. If the salt is saturated or insoluble, then it may precipitate out of the solution. While it may seem like acids and bases are opposites, some species can act as either an acid or a base. In fact, some strong acids can act as bases. Sources Jensen, William B. (2006). The origin of the term base. The Journal of Chemical Education. 83 (8): 1130. doi:10.1021/ed083p1130Johll, Matthew E. (2009). Investigating chemistry: a forensic science perspective (2nd ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman and Co. ISBN 1429209895.Whitten, Kenneth W.; Peck, Larry; Davis, Raymond E.; Lockwood, Lisa; Stanley, George G. (2009). Chemistry (9th ed.). ISBN 0-495-39163-8.Zumdahl, Steven; DeCoste, Donald (2013).  Chemical Principles  (7th ed.). Mary Finch.

The Commercialization Of Organ Transplantation - 1660 Words

Renowned theoretical physicist Albert Einstein, rationalized that if he â€Å"had only one hour to save the world, [he] would spend fifty-five minutes defining the problem, and only five minutes finding the solution† (Einstein). In the case of the commercialization of organ transplantation, would the ramifications laid by Einstein change if a doctor had only one hour to save the life of a patient in dire need of an organ transplant? An individual that had spent the last three years on a waiting-list? Waiting, years, months, and days without end for a second chance at life. Similar to Einstein political scientist and policy analyst, Eugene Bardach, shares the understanding of the importance in defining the problem, for without a problem there†¦show more content†¦It is 2015, society can no longer prey on the hearts of individuals, and hope that people will continue to give their organs. There is an imbalance in the market, a lack of supply but a heightening demand. T o confirm the lack of supply in organ transplantation, it is necessary to assemble some evidence, as derived from the eight steps of policy analysis proposed by Bardach. Aside from the statistics previously stated, while comparative to the ethical discrepancy to which people refute the commercialization of organ sale, as presented by The Atlantic, â€Å"there’s a large disparity between the number of people who say that they are in support of donation in theory and the number of people who actually register† (Wen). Furthering to imply that the only individuals that are likely to donate are those that have been personally afflicted by the need of organ donation. For example, an individual whose family member needs a heart/kidney/liver. As society begins to advance technologically, there is a growing lack of empathy, a growing lack of care for other individuals. Relying on the few that claim to support organ donation is a form of regression, especially when it is evident that â€Å"more than 123,000 people in the United States are currently on the waiting list of a lifesaving organ transplant† (Facts and Myths), with more individuals â€Å"added to the national transplant waiting list

Vikram Seth Free Essays

[pic][pic] Seth was born on 20 June 1952 in a Punjabi family to Leila and Prem Seth in Calcutta (now Kolkata). His family lived in many cities including the popular banyan tree in assam they lived under it . Seth spent part of his youth in London but returned to his homeland in 1957. We will write a custom essay sample on Vikram Seth or any similar topic only for you Order Now He received primary education at Welham Boys’ School and then moved to The Doon School. After commencing secondary education at The Doon School in India, Seth returned to England to Tonbridge School. 1][2] While at Doon, Seth was the Editor-in-chief of The Doon School Weekly. [3] From there, Seth moved on to study English at Oxford but soon changed his course to Philosophy, Politics and Economics studying at Corpus Christi College, Oxford,[4] where he developed an interest in poetry and learned Chinese. After leaving Oxford, Seth moved to California to work on a graduate degree in economics at Stanford University. He then went on to study creative writing at Stanford and classical Chinese poetry at Nanjing University in China. Having lived in London for many years, Seth now maintains residences near Salisbury, England, where he is a participant in local literary and cultural events, having bought and renovated the house of the Anglican poet George Herbert in 1996,[5] and in Delhi, where he lives with his parents and keeps his extensive library and papers. Seth self-identifies as bisexual. In 2006, he became a leader of the campaign against India’s Section 377, a law against homosexuality. [6] His younger brother, Shantum, leads Buddhist meditational tours. His younger sister, Aradhana, is a film-maker married to an Austrian diplomat, and has worked on Deepa Mehta’s movies Earth and Fire. (Compare the characters Haresh, Lata, Savita and two of the Chatterji siblings in A Suitable Boy: Seth has been candid in acknowledging that many of his fictional characters are drawn from life; he has said that only the dog Cuddles in A Suitable Boy has his real name — â€Å"Because he can’t sue†. Justice Leila Seth has said in her memoir On Balance that other characters in A Suitable Boy are composites but Haresh is a portrait of her husband Prem. Career Work themes A polyglot, Seth detailed in an interview (in the year 2005) in the Australian magazine Good Weekend that he has studied several languages, including Welsh, German and, later, French in addition to Mandarin, English (which he describes as â€Å"my instrument† in answer to Indians who query his not writing in his native Hindi), Urdu (which he reads and wr ites in Nasta’liq script), and Hindi, which he reads and writes in the Devanagari script. He plays the Indian flute and the cello and sings German lieder, especially Schubert. Business acumen Seth’s former literary agent Giles Gordon recalled being interviewed by Seth for the position: Vikram sat at one end of a long table and he began to grill us. It was absolutely incredible. He wanted to know our literary tastes, our views on poetry, our views on plays, which novelists we liked. [7] Seth later explained to Gordon that he had passed the interview not because of commercial considerations, but because unlike the others he was the only agent who seemed as interested in his poetry as in his other writing. Seth followed what he has described as â€Å"the ludicrous advance for that book† (? 250,000 for A Suitable Boy[8]) with ? 500,000 for An Equal Music and ? 1. 4 million for Two Lives. [9] He prepared an acrostic poem for his address at Gordon’s 2005 memorial service: Gone though you have, I heard your voice today. I tried to make out what the words might mean, Like something seen half-clearly on a screen: Each savoured reference, each laughing bark, Sage comment, bad pun, indiscreet remark. Gone since you have, grief too in time will go, Or share space with old joy; it must be so. Rest then in peace, but spare us some elation. Death cannot put down every conversation. Over and out, as you once used to say? Not on your life. You’re on this line to stay. [10] Literary work Poetry Seth has published five volumes of poetry. His first, Mappings (1980), was originally privately published; it attracted little attention and indeed Philip Larkin, to whom he sent it for comment, referred to it scornfully among his intimates, though he offered Seth encouragement. 7] In 2009 Seth contributed four poems to Oxfam which are used as introductions to each of the four collections of UK stories which form Oxfam’s ‘Ox-Tales’ book project. [11] Perhaps this could have stayed unstated. Had our words turned to other things In the grey park, the rain abated, Life would have quickened other strings. I list your gifts in this creation: Pen, paper, ink and inspiration, Peace to the heart with touch or word, Ease to t he soul with note and chord. How did that walk, those winter hours, Occasion this? No lightning came; Nor did I sense, when touched by flame, Our story lit with borrowed powers – Rather, by what our spirits burned, Embered in words, to us returned. [12] Seth together with Philippe Honore marketed a double CD of the music mentioned in An Equal Music, performed by Honore 1. A Style Of Loving 3/14/2012 2. Across 3/14/2012 3. All You Who Sleep Tonight 1/3/2003 4. At Evening 1/3/2003 5. Distressful Homonyms 1/3/2003 6. From California 1/3/2003 7. How Rarely These Few Years 3/14/2012 8. Interpretation. How to cite Vikram Seth, Papers