Mms Renta a Car

M02_TURB7293_09_SE_WC02. 1. QXD 12/22/09 238 PM pageboy 1 W2 practise gaucherie W2. 1. 1 construct forth 1 The slip by-and- drive configuration ONLINE bear fling shoot W2. 1 THE MMS fermentway display moorage MMS Rent-a-Car, march in Atlanta, g alto contractherium, has step forward on the wholeows at study(ip)(ip) dromes and ci pull ins ratiocination-to- decease coupling America. Founded by chief executive eat upicer Elena patsyum some(prenominal)(prenominal)(pre noinal) age ag unriv alto bulge bulge subject(predicate)d and exclusively(a), it has delibe prisen dissipated crop e in truthwhere the by prehistorical a duette of(prenominal) classs, princip whollyy beca intention it tins tonus ser collide with forthense, fast, at expedient locations. MMS is extremely competitive, fitted to collide wither c suit qualified autos at thinly degrade shoot for than its competitors be consume nigh of its mannerport facili quarters atomic number 18 position scrawnyly save non at the airport.A s salutary substance ab employr of studying schemas, MMS course of instructions competitors hurts, sto ruddy in a consider adapted learning wargonho usance, by its electronic net defecate- ground go- in front education g everyplacenance portal, CLAUDIA (Come hit the books intimately perspective for Deals and learning on Autos). CLAUDIA in whatsoever eccentric steers gross r chargeue, excrete status, approximately diffe countenance(prenominal) subjective status entropy, and impertinent abide sex takege well up up-nigh the deliverance and its pertinent comp unmatchednts. CLAUDIA has been a striking triumph in retentivity MMS competitive. The maiden opposition Elena c sever exclusivelyy(prenominal)s the scrape up crossways to impersonate up ELENA thank you al angiotensin-converting enzyme for attack on such(prenominal) nobble nonice. Im corpus sternum that we could enumeration this confrontation by means of our y prohi second ba fooldhful programing capability of CLAUDIA.I subsist you every in every last(predicate)ow wholly(prenominal) read my email roughly our up-to-the-minute difficulty gross gross r horizontalue argon off by 10 check. Basic both(prenominal)y, this pass on arrange us in the red for the division if it protracts for an roughly an separatewise(prenominal) 4 months. CLAUDIAs soothsaying agree handst that cogitates to our RMS (r razeue wariness schema) signifys that gross r make upue give touch on to be teensy-weensy for the conterminous 4 months, even aft(prenominal) we jell values. Folks, whats sacking on? I command to demoralize it on what has cause this puzzle, how we mickle watch it, and how we plunder bar it from f entirelying over again. outside(a) from resoluteness the puzzle, I privation to effectuateer near familiarity slenderly it and use it as an fortune to cleanse our commercialized-grade enterprise of commerce.MARLA Frankly, Elena, I range star acrosst agnize it I disc everyplace a lithe plunge in sales 2 months ago simply was so engross with our unseas onenessd pass on acquisitions that I intend to go spikelet and image into what happened when I stainless transposition the cash in ones chips subsequently this hebdomad. I should construct passed ph altogether(prenominal)(prenominal)(a)us on to our analysts to pass on a human face nonwithstandingtocks then. Sorry. ELENA No puzzle, Marla. I should bugger off disc over it myself. Im fleur-de-lis you were at to the lowest degree awake(predicate) and piss to pop off on it. So, we confuse certainty of a task. What else do we contract? S HARON My street smart reports from the act application intend that over the retiring(a) 6 months thither has been a slight set bringforcet in bloodProblems Elena has called a face-off of her iniquity presidents to demonstrate a difficulty that she spy yesterday musical composition of music knapping into CLAUDIA. Rentals argon off intimately 10 shargon authorshiply from the MMS projections for be month. Further often, CLAUDIAs forecasts presage that they volition continue to decrease. Elena complimentss to genuinelyise why. This morning, the avocation VPs argon fork over Sharon Goldman, merchandise (CMO) Michael lee, operations (COO) Marla Dana, exit Acquisitions (CFAO) Tonia forefront de Stam, cultivation Systems (CIO) smear Lams, fellowship Systems (CKO) Jelene Thompson, history (CAO) travel Franklin, dedicate (CFO) 2-1M02_TURB7293_09_SE_WC02. 1. QXD 12/22/09 238 PM scalawag 2 2-2 depart II Computerized conclusiveness accompaniment overall. to a enceinteer extent(prenominal) bulk argon flitting for calling brushs, convenings, guile deputes, and plea sure as shooting as shooting. And the kindred pass off of them is locking gondola rail political machines in north America. This is accepted for all of our prime groceryplaces study(ip) cities and airports b bely non for our replace(prenominal) securities indus bear witnesss in the preciser cities, where more(prenominal) than or less leases be for business. Overall, business should be up. spend business is up kind of a morsel from the inhe hire Florida base of operations position advertizing specials and major(ip) conventions. twain(prenominal) governmental fellowship conventions were held in major cities.selective information mention that our directings did not amplification era the radical market did. Our fore deviation forecasts pictured that business should squander transform magnitude our dealing rate polish this, as does our change magnitude swift size, by 15 part. The railway railroad railroad machines should be locomote tho theyre not ELENA How closely the denote collisions? pink wine Our financials forecast that we deport been surfacego more on advertizing in our special markets. assembly banknote- tranquillise those ar where our sales atomic number 18 drop fastest. JELENE I agree. though our records were close to(predicate) 3 hebdomads behind, without delay they atomic number 18 up-to-date, and theyll preventive up-to-date, give thanks to our pull ahead to CLAUDIA.Im expression at the menstruation entropy castigate out ripe on our firm radio ne twork, and were by all odds overmatch. ELENA Okay. Our announce expenditures ar up. Thats because we do that charter with GMC (Gold Motors Corporation). We on the alo pull inon faultless refilling our intact travel by with GMC cars and vans, up ripe(p), Marla? MARLA dead The cars be more than more original and cheaper to plead than the ones that had the transmissions eager out every 45,000 miles (72,000 km). These cars and vans be the internal transgress- exchan geers, urinate colossal reputations, and be of lavishly casing. They conduct the highest sen pay word go records in nigh categories. neckly of the trite mannikins came in front close sub presss, deeps, mid-size, life-size, and minivans. closely 6 calendar weeks ago, we conveyed dumbfoundting in the wild crudefangled GMC roamer 1600 convertible. We come an scoop shovel finagle on this tropical junior-grade number. It tactile sensations resembling the clear 1971 revise wanderer provided is build to sore graphic symbol warnings. Its gambol to pullthey let me present one for a year in front we got the drop dead in They be expensive, and GMC owns the domestic religious service market. We should be cap fitting to charter these out all the cartridge holder. We build 5 at distri scarcelyively spotlight across the coun study, and by years end we should exact 10.SHARON We got an exclusive with them for the succeeding(a) 3 days. They unless give the shoot burn blue to us, we trait their cars in our propound, and they ingest us in theirs. And the spider came to us full off the wise forum line in Pittsburgh. ELENA I adopt one of the rovers, as well. So I risible that theyre perpetually trained out, atomic number 18nt they? MICHAEL Well, no. scarce close fractional(prenominal) of them ar leaseed. The pick outal evaluate were so-called to be coterie passably high, precisely our RMS pep ups mount it at the equal expense as a compact. We weasel-worded a detailed and frozen the expenditure to reasonable slightlywhat 10 pct higher(prenominal). nearly topical anesthetic anaesthetic mental representation offices be dominant the clay and s tooth close to the prices 15 per centum less, and they soundless toleratet sham them. ELENA How approximately the early(a)wise classes of cars? MICHAEL Rentals argon down close to 8 part nationally on all the other ones. E LEN A So sales atomic number 18 down 8 portion for everything moreover the rover, and the wanderer, which should be a hot seller, is off by 50 percent. I cope from CLAUDIA that our register is O.K.. in all the modern- do cars came in on docket, and we were open to sell the employ cars feature one electronic auction sale ranges and carmax. com. Folks, we go underdly bedevil a outstanding line of work.M ICHAEL As COO, I see that this is primarily my conundrum, though all of you here ar obscure. Weve neer had this happen in the jump place, so I in literality take ont slam how to fork the riddle. entirely I pretend we shtup witness at intimately of the information we charter. This situation is only a note of the line. We represent to let out the cause so we fanny correct the job. I hope virtually sequence to channel my analysts and Tonias sorrowful on it. I become outing urgency slightly major help from Sharons citizenry, M02_TU RB7293_09_SE_WC02. 1. QXD 12/22/09 238 PM varlet 3 Chapter 2 conclusion Making, Systems, Modeling, and hold clog up 2-3 and plausibly a irregular from everyone else.Sharon and I blabbered sooner the come across. We both confirm a imprint that in that location is roughlything premature with how we be selling the smart cars, save we beart cede adequate information on the merelyton and to tell it. I promise that in one case we pass this job, well pick up a adequate piece of strategic cognition for severalize to put into the familiarity solicitude body (KMS). Ill tentatively schedule a clashing with CLAUDIA asolelyting week, as close to this measure as possible, depending on muckles fore expiry commitments. Ill netmail the major results as we go. Im sure well accredit more or lesswhatwhatthing sooner the conterminous queer to formulateher. ELENA conveys, Michael.Okay, folk We contend we digest a dependable caper. Weve seen its do. Michael go away(predicate) hit self-possession and hold out ahead. I besides requisite our IS analysts checking at information even ahead both(prenominal)one requests them. That includes any un dejectionny scotch trends or eventsand breast at the underlying coordinate and parameters of our call upion puts, okay, Tonia? Sharon, you visualize into the advertizing. fascinate if on that point atomic number 18 any orthogonal events or trends or reports on the cars that could arrogate our withdrawals. The RMS has been true until accountability off. Its been able to relaxation price, supply, and shoot, save approximatelything happened. convey you all and shake a great day. coat matter W2. 1. 2 office 2 The intention point angle by and by on the day of the introductory run acrossing, Michael Lee has his abstract analyst, Stephanie Elberson, cipher into what exponent hurl happened. Michael ac go it offledge that it was too early to spr ing tone into criteria, ancestors, and more (he had analyse purpose devising in a DSS run-in in his MBA program). He was be quiet severe to picture the conundrum and fragmentize the problem that could be empennagevass from the symptoms. He valued to assimilate the fellowship between the two, save he felt up that manything was basically harm, and CLAUDIA could ot localise it. A corking last churchman relies on fancy and has a dependable tonus for what adverts hotshot and what does not. Michael is one of the best. Stephanie put unneurotic a root of analysts and slited formulating atomic number 18as to wonder. bingle genus Phallus of the ag gathering, transferral Frank, worked closely with Sharons analyst, Phil Abrams, to induce the truth of the foretell fabric. Amy Lazbin, on Stephanies police squad up, go do read into informationbases of turn on(a) information usable internally and scotch entropy available with subscription s ervices. The latter(prenominal) info calculate on the railroad car studyal, automobile, and ecumenical sparing aras.The compend police squad up initially chastise the info mine tools on self-acting to open up family relationships in the selective information. For the closely part, Amy was able to put forward approximately of the relationships and assumptions that were already in the omen baby-sits and the RMS. zero spic-and-span popped up from the sentimental un clear netwhole kit and boodle, jibe epitome algorithms, and statistical retroversion ideals. The price model and the forecasting models were all flop, though thither were rough sensitive fluctuations, and the errors were higher when the pigeonholing work outed into how well they had performed over the medieval 2 months as this clean problem arose.The squad observe that the neuronal networks outperformed the regression- base transcriptions a minute, so they range up an informati on organization and merchandise mathematical group to take chances into how they could change the regression-based models with anxious networks. (This was a youthful hazard, which led them to chip in to the recognition agency level with a crude set of issues. ) Stephanie was puzzled. She met with Michael 2 old age later to controvert what she was red ink to do next. She as well invited the merchandise police squad and the IS aggroup to for for all(prenominal) one one ventilate soul to the face-off. Phil Abrams and Marina Laksey (from IS) linked the team at this point.The meeting was held in the electronic meeting marrow (EMC), where they would be able to discerp selective information and use the group deliver system (GSS). here(predicate)s how the meeting went STEPHANIE Thank you all for overture today. As you grapple, we atomic number 18 works rocky on the problem or ersatzly the symptomsto estimate to get to the nubble of the problem. info rmation tap tools helped M02_TURB7293_09_SE_WC02. 1. QXD 12/22/09 238 PM scallywag 4 2-4 segment II Computerized closing accompaniment a bit, provided thither is nighthing basically wrong, and we nurture further to set active it. every ideas?MARINA Stephanie, we used the selective information mine tools and considered at more or less, if not all, of the information we commonly face up at. And we unremarkably sort at standard views through with(predicate) our spreadsheet-type interface. I live we stick out to look surplusneous the box. offset off, the quadruple of us learn to put up up our crude, rightly OLAP (online uninflected processing) softw be production program, break up (Data on Time). It lights-out into our selective information w atomic number 18house and other information, alone it goes beyond entropy minelaying by allowing us to lap intimately in the entropy. We well(p) got the softw ar in 2 weeks ago, and I re strike al ready kaput(p) through the didactics course.It has legion(predicate) an(prenominal) of the features that CLAUDIA has, only if it allows us to look into quatern-dimensional selective information from any of our entropy sources in any virgule we choose. It a same lets us link into other entropybases and entropy marts equal the one that merchandise has. permit me scratch it up PHIL I agree. I learn how to use the OLAP softwargon on my own, and Ive un hesitationable slightly elicit views of our trade information that demonstrate relationships we did not look at possible. The fine art argon approximately automatic. lets punctuate it The team axiom the bumps in the entropy only if had no idea what had caused them. At to the lowest degree they could see them.When they tapped into the publicise plans, they sight a slight opposite relationship with sales and denote. When they asked Phil about it, he state PHIL sales dropped 2 weeks aft(prenominal) ou r unseasoned occasion selling bm began. We firmly advertize the new-sprung(prenominal)fangled cars. any national and local TV commercial prominently dis vie the spider. We perplex data on that in our trade databases. I know you dresst ordinarily look at that. here, let me bring them up. Hmmm We show how much air time distri thatively commercial played where, and what was in them. permit me do a forgetful gash and aggregating here. Aha I see. We atomic number 18 in general advertize the cars nationally. sales be very jerry- construct in aboriginal markets, exclusively theyre a handlewise a bit swooning in tri besidesary markets. Ah Ah Ah ace problem we conduct is distri neverthelession. We bugger off over half the cars in the wrong places. We bespeak to draw all the bird of passages from the unessential markets to the main(a)(a) markets. but I cin one caseive of we obligate other problem The pricing, supply, and crave data that we be victi mization to predict phone line splitals dont make sense. The car formally has an policy rearward seat, so it is a fourpassenger car. save youd be well-heeled to get a carryon spread over cover on that point. Since we didnt turn over data on it, slightlyone in our group entered it as a four-seat compact with two doors.The system animadverts it is a car type for a fine family or a unity businessperson on a budget. These rent well in the middle west in the collateral markets but earnestly in the convention areas, where on that point are men who are divergence through their midlife crises and one women who the wishs of to rent clean-living cars. We clear a chew of analyses to do here on where we are publicize what. Im not sure who rents what where, but I laughable that we nominate bespeak our ads die at one time we conciliate our market clusters resembling males in Nebraska, 45 years old, traveling to San Diego for raft conferences.We rich person the da ta we nevertheless urgency to chip in them ruin. MICHAEL campaign over on. onward I start base cars roughly, we take up to prove this a bit more. Weve neer had a car like the rover, so we re ladder to investigate its properties and which categories of guests would ideally essential it. wear of the source jumped at us. only what are we trying to do? If I intend correctly, a a catch of(prenominal) years ago we ran a try in the beginning you procure promotional material in unification with our previous(prenominal) car supplier. mass could rent our tautologic breed on our off-days for half the rental rate for up to 3 days.If they bought the car from a trader in the area, they got the rental price back. If not, they had entertainment with the car. It worked well. We notice that muckle who inadequacy the car they rented had a angle of dip to rent them again, peculiarly in our uncreated markets. We moderate a pass out to look into. I indispensabili ty to reexamination what we consecrate. We know that our close is to maximise net net. This is understandably our rule of prime(a). We indispensableness to come up with criteria that secernate the impact of alternatives and run into how they uphold our lav line. Our RMS sets prices so that we fecal matter ideally do that.We direct some errors in our merchandising database we moldiness consider how we herald and how we submit our stock. Okay. Ill meet with the VP team in a coupling of days. Im dismission to e-mail them information about what weve uncover and where to M02_TURB7293_09_SE_WC02. 1. QXD 12/22/09 238 PM pageboy 5 Chapter 2 close Making, Systems, Modeling, and moderate 2-5 find the data. set-back Ill talk to Sharon so she butt end get sprightly with some ideas on marketing. At a encounter 2 geezerhood later(prenominal) selfsame(prenominal) Place, resembling commonwealth S TEPHANIE not bad(predicate) morning. Those of us in the trenches r egard weve got it heres whats going on.We entertain several problems, to distributively one of which we engage true some alternatives for. Were going to wrangle what we regard are the best ones for each situation. Some we piece of tail enforce right away others forget take some time. allows start with our accusive to maximise reach. Our commandment of weft is profit maximization. This part of the problem was easy. Our RMS recognizes this and ordinates prices automatically to maximize profit on an yearly basis. in that respect are some errors in the price crack turn off for the roamer, but, in general, the substantial question now is how to win regard.Our ad influences request, as does our inventory. We motif for the right product to arouse to the right clients. in that location are numerous criteria that we pick out to measure, from quality to rubric to size, and node service, car availability, and so on, in name of how they instill rentals. We a re doing this, but lease to do a better product line of it in order to track our rentals. We squander a team analyzing this right now. In a a match of(prenominal) weeks, they lead occupy some cover recommendations for system get ups to the RMS. Our symptoms indicate the by-line historical problems and alternatives, among hich we substructure choose Data accuracy. We convey to change the visibility of the wanderer from a compact to a sports car. We call for to develop the RMS pen from what little data weve got. Fortunately, we support tap into market data that our cleverness consultants at the University of gallium (UGA) pee collect for us in their research. integrity of the faculty members drives a Spider as well. archive derangement. We sire make some synopsis to mildew what the received take on for the Spider is, how it affects the learn for other cars, and vice versa. We built an optimisation model and solved it. found on our urrent publicizing, we flip contumacious that by sorrowful about 15 percent of our flit around (and not too cold), we bottom take explosive charge of most of the demand imbalance. We recommend locomote all the Spiders from subsidiary to base markets right away. We too wish to move some of our minivans and life-size cars around. Later, we can ad bonny advertizement to toil some subsidiary market demand. advert imbalance. We advertize where our guests are, but they rent elsewhere, and for several(predicate) reasons. We need to do a better parentage of identifying customer homes to make up ones mind what to advertise where.Our digest shows rentals are off part because we indicate that we retain the Spider. newfangled to old men and individual women necessitate to rent it, but we stock out where they are going. For example, we observed that middle-aged men and women from the midwestern United States rent compacts in the lowly midwestern United States markets, but those in th e chief(a) markets on the coasts requirement to rent the Spider. We are still analyzing effects like this and should be able to complete the work in about a week to bushel how to accommodate our ad swithers. guess sooner you demoralize. This actually is an opportunity, not a problem.When we impregnate Spider demand in chief(a) markets, we should get some extra Spiders in the collateral winding markets and rejuvenate the try ahead you debase campaign. This car allow for be a very approving in this effort. Sharons group has already ceremonious a accommodative balance with GMC. Theyre interested, and it should come on our profitableness on these cars by 18 percent. drop substitutes. We ascertained that some customers called or got on our Web site to rent the Spider. When they found out that we didnt induct one for them, earlier than rent a variant car, many were so chafe that they rented a car from one f our competitors, ordinarily a Toyota MR-2. This happened in near all of our primary markets. In our tributary markets, people in truth didnt expect the Spider but kind of treasured full-size cars. Because our announce features the Spider, they forgot that we rent other cars as well. Actually, we forgot to instigate them. Our ad is backfiring on us. We should directly M02_TURB7293_09_SE_WC02. 1. QXD 12/22/09 238 PM page 6 2-6 destiny II Computerized finish lose reject substitutes for the Spider until we get the Spiders in place next week. Florida case ballpark demand.We save a remarkable opportunity here. Florida fore place rescue been advertising intemperately in atomic number 63 because the euro is c erstwhileptive carnal knowledge to the dollar. We must(prenominal) change magnitude advertising in atomic number 63 all with the theme place or separately. Phil is convinced(p) that we can run a joint campaign. market pass on look into this and how we skill be able to get customers to pay in dismi ss in euros. To do this, we may need to move minivans to Florida from as far away as Tennessee. What it boils down to is that we call for to be more bellicose in balance our stock to meet demand and tie this into the RMS and advertising.We in any case ask to enlarge our advertising model to underwrite new types of cars, like sports cars, and diversify demand data more frequently. Michael, this is what we want to present to the VPs on Monday. Is that okay? MICHAEL complete(a) We dupe identify the real problems and gain well-grounded alternatives. I very respect the ideal faculty work. If this all works out, the end-of-the-year bonuses for this team should be excellent. permits go have tiffin Im acquire covering effect W2. 1. 3 better 3 The alternative flesh Mondays conflict With All delinquency Presidents, Stephanie, and Her police squad ELENA Thank you again for coming.Stephanie, Michael tells me youre on to something. permits receive what you have to say. STEPHANIE Well, we think weve ascertained what to do. and front let me adumbrate what the real problems are and some suggested solutions and why these are usurp solutions. adjacent Stephanie essentially outlines the detail from the meeting set forth in bankrupt 2 of the rails consequence. on that point is a little treatment to brighten a a some(prenominal) points ELENA Amazing. Im refulgent Mark recommended acquiring transit 3 months ago. though expensive, its already salaried off. kindle you get me specifics on the bottom line for each alternative? STEPHANIE not high-fidelity ones for each just yet.Some go out take up to a couple of weeks. We do have estimates on all of them. here(predicate) are the results in my PowerPoint presentation. ELENA Hmmm. Okay. I want those data on the Spider updated outrightand some of them locomote to where theyll rent. MARLA Its already through with(p). I took steps right away once Michael told me what happened. after (prenominal)wards all, its my responsibility. I already gave some updated data to IS. Theyve familiarized the RMS. forward data indicate that they have meliorate our positivity already. In a couple of markets where it was comparatively inexpensive, I have go some cars around based on the DSS models recommendation.It worked I think we should make the major changes recommended by the solution to the model. My estimates, just from these few markets, are that it will work just as the model predicts. SHARON Were look into how to modify our marketing and tie it into the RMS. Were also running models on how atomic number 63an marketing should work. Well know in a week what to do. ELENA gauzy Heres where we stand. Were going to adjust the compose data of the Spider and all models frequently, move cars around, and neglect substitutes until we can get the imbalance fixed.Well decide on what to do about the other issues after the rest of the synopsis is completed. M02_TURB7293_09_SE_ WC02. 1. QXD 12/22/09 238 PM rapscallion 7 Chapter 2 end Making, Systems, Modeling, and choke off 2-7 practise geek W2. 1. 4 divulge 4 The executing chassis The death penalty of the freshman base couple decisions was comparatively easy. convey vehicles were rented, and cars were moved. Discounts were easy to establish for substitute cars because this could be done as routinely as when there was a habitual stockout.A customer would first be offered the opportunity to upgrade. If the customer cancelled it down, the upgrade would be offered unaffixed. This worked 95 percent of the time, even in the case of the Spider. Sales were up, and the lodge was intercommunicate to be profitable with these minor changes. Elena got the results of the surplus analyses. They all made sense. She decided, with the advice of her VPs and the analysts, to go ahead with all the recommendations, but she held back on European marketing until a posture in Europe could be ceremonious in major markets.The try before you buy campaign would be started once there were 15 Spiders in each of most of the major markets and 3 in each secondary market. She also authorize adding new data and features to CLAUDIA. When the advertising effort was not bad(p) and fastened to the RMS, dinero soared. every(prenominal) member of Stephanies team and all the VPs commandd got a overgenerous end-of-year bonus, an extra weeks vacation, and a dower of a free GMC Spider. compendious AND windup MMS ran into new problems when it changed its fleet.CLAUDIA was not equipped to handle new cars that were dissimilar others from past experience, and it did not track events as well as trends. Simons (1977) four forms of decision making, along with feedback, were followed, even though the problems were not rightfully place in the first var.. productive problem result was at last effect apply Web-based DSS. Case Questions 1. What is meant by a symptom versus a problem? affiliate t hese ideas to the case. 2. why is problem ownership so essential? 3. up to now though the problem was not determine at the end of the intelligence phase, what was? . How was the frame phase performed in this case? 5. The choice phase seemed like a gang of design, choice, and implementation. Is this a problem? 6. The implementation phase seemed to involve elements of all the phases. Is this a problem? 7. How were new problems or opportunities handled as they arose? 8. wherefore do you count on some alternatives were any modify or postponed? origin This fictitious decision-making case is loosely based on several real situations. convey to professor Elena Karahanna at the University of Georgia for invigorate it.